LO 4 Flashcards
(38 cards)
1
Q
Describe direct transmission or contact
A
- Transfer of microorganisms from a specific person or host reservoir (Source) directly to another person (host)
- E.g. STDs, bloodborne diseases, skin diseases
2
Q
Describe indirect transmission or contact
A
- Transfer of microorganisms from a specific person (source) to an inanimate object, to another person (host)
- E.g. common cold, hepatitis B and C
3
Q
Describe transmission via droplets
A
- Physical particles greater than 5 micrometers
- This method can lead to both cross infection or autogenous infection
- E.g. flu, rubella, mumps, herpes
4
Q
Describe transmission via airborne particles or aerosols
A
- In physical particles less than 5 micrometers that can be inhaled
- A surgical mask won’t protect against these, a particulate receptor would be needed
- E.g.tuberculosis, chickenpox, measles
5
Q
_________ can result from any of the primary routes of transmission and involves introduction of a microorganism from one area of the body to another
A
Autogenous (self infection)
6
Q
Transmission of microorganisms through contaminated dental unit water lines is an example of ________
A
Waterborne transfer
7
Q
Describe waterborne transfer
A
- Transmission of microorganisms through contaminated dental unit water lines
- Portions of biofilm in waterlines dislodge, they are carried through the water line and can be expelled into the patient’s mouth during dental procedures
- The two significant concerns for dentistry are Legionella pneumophilia and pseudomonas
8
Q
_______is the single most important source of potentially pathogenic microorganisms and dentistry
A
The patient’s oral cavity
9
Q
What are the four basic disease types that result in pathogenic agents present in the mouth?
A
- Bloodborne diseases
- Oral diseases
- Systemic disease with oral lesions
- Respiratory diseases
10
Q
Describe bloodborne pathogens
A
- Turning infection the pathogens exist in our released into the blood or other body fluids (e.g. Semen, vaginal secretion, intestinal secretion, tears, mother’s milk, synovial fluid, pericardial fluid, amniotic fluid, saliva)
- This disease is spread from one person to another by contact with the fluids, thus are called blood-borne diseases
11
Q
What are the five common types of hepatitis and their origins?
A
- Hepatitis A (oral-fecal route)
- Hepatitis B (direct or indirect contact with body fluids)
- Hepatitis C (direct or direct contact with body fluids)
- Hepatitis D (direct or indirect contact with body fluids)
- Hepatitis E (oral-fecal route)
12
Q
What is viral hepatitis?
A
Inflammation of the liver
13
Q
Describe hepatitis B (HBV)
A
- Hepatitis B is a major health problem worldwide - it is endemic (occurs regularly)
- Hepatitis B is a DNA virus that infects and multiplies in human liver cells
- It can live for weeks on surface in dry saliva, and once moist it multiplies
- Hepatitis B is one of the most difficult to kill on surfaces
- Human beings are the only known natural hosts of HBV
- About 95% of those infected with hbv undergo complete recovery without developing a carrier state
- Anyone who is positive for HBsAg (hepatitis B surface antigen) has a potential to spread the disease to others
- Milliliter of blood from an infected person may contain as many as 100 million virus particles
14
Q
Hepatitis B virus is spread _______ (through the skin) or _______ (through mucous membranes) by contact with infected body fluids
A
- Percutaneously
- Permucosally
15
Q
What are the symptoms of hepatitis B virus?
A
- If symptoms develop after infection, they begin to appear 45 to 180 days after exposure
- Roughly 1/3 of those infected exhibit more easily recognizable symptoms - yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, light colored stools, dark urine, joint pain and fever, rash and itching
- 1/3 of those infected show no symptoms at all
16
Q
What are the hepatitis B disease states?
A
- 95% can recover without developing a carrier state (takes almost 5 years to eliminate the virus from the body)
- Chronic active hepatitis patient (later develop into liver cancer)
17
Q
Describe the spread of hepatitis B virus in the dental office
A
- Hepatitis B still remains the most important occupational acquired disease for dental professionals
- Greatest dental occupational risk for exposure: injuries from contaminated sharps, blood in saliva, contaminated cuts and cracks on the skin, spraying of blood and saliva into open lesions on the skin or on to mucous membranes
18
Q
Although hepatitis B virus is difficult to kill it is more easily killed than _______
A
Myobacterium tuberculosis and bacterial spores
19
Q
Describe the hepatitis B vaccine
A
- Safe and effective vaccines for hepatitis B are available
- No successful medical treatment exists to cure this disease, that’s why prevention is of paramount importance
20
Q
Describe hepatitis C
A
- Mostly associated with intravenous drug users, sexual activity, and blood transfusion - 1% associated with occupational exposure to health care workers
- 75% 85% of those infected with hepatitis C become chronic carriers and 20% develop chronic liver disease
- No vaccine is available
21
Q
Describe hepatitis D
A
Successful vaccination against hepatitis B also helps prevent hepatitis D
22
Q
Describe hepatitis A and E
A
- Does not pose occupational risk to dental workers
- Spread by oral fecal root involving consumption of contaminated food or water
- Vaccination is available for hepatitis A
- Hepatitis E is self-limiting with no chronic state
23
Q
Describe HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
A
- Progresses to AIDS (acquired immunoticiency syndrome)
- Involves destruction of the immune system, making someone susceptible to life-threatening opportunistic infections and Cancers
- Use of antiviral drugs has lengthen life expectancy to 25 years
- It is an RNA virus
- Typically infects t4 lymphocytes (CD4 - also known as helper T cells)
- No vaccine can be developed at the stage
- Virus production destroys lymphocytes and yields more viruses that can infect and destroy even more lymphocytes
24
Q
What are the two types of HIV?
A
- HIV type 1 - most common
- HIV type 2 - less aggressive
25
What are the symptoms that appear approximately 4 weeks after initial infection with HIV?
1. Sore throat
2. Fever
3. Swollen glands
4. Joint pain
5. Fatigue
26
A body infected with HIV starts to develop antibodies _______ weeks after initial infection and can now be diagnosed as HIV positive. After diagnosis, there are typically no clinical symptoms for _______
1. 6-12 weeks
2. Months/years
27
Describe AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
1. When an HIV positive patient experiences one or more indicators of opportunistic infection or cancer, the patient is diagnosed as having AIDS
2. The leading cause of death in an AIDS patient is pneumonia common a fungal infection
28
Describe the oral manifestations of AIDS
1. In many instances, early manifestations of AIDS occur as oral lesions
2. Oral manifestations include fungal diseases such as candidiasis (thrush), and viral diseases such as warts, hairy leukoplakia, or human herpes virus type 1 (herpes simplex) infection
3. Patient may also have bacterial diseases such as rapidly progressing periodontitis or gingivitis in cancerous diseases such as **kaposi sarcoma** (recently associated with human herpes virus type 8) and **Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma**
29
Describe oral hairy leukoplakia
1. Collection of thick, asymptomatic white lesions associated with Epstein-Barr virus usually found on the lateral borders of the tongue
2. Can be unilateral or bilateral
30
Describe Kaposi's sarcoma
1. Malignant, slow growing, endothelial neoplasm
2. Appears as painless brownish red nodule primarily on skin of extremities, but can occur intraorally
31
Describe oral lesions at the early, intermediate, and late stages of HIV
1. Early stages of HIV-1 - Aphthous ulcers, herpes simplex labialis, hairy leukoplakia
2. Intermediate stages - skin and oral lesions become more common; recurrent herpes simplex, varicella zoster (chicken pox), fever, weight loss; candidiasis, myalgias, headaches, fatigue
3. Late stages - opportunistic infections, encephalopathy (brain dysfunction), neoplasms (masses tissue)
32
How is HIV transmitted?
1. HIV is transmitted primarily from an infected person through specific roots: intimate sexual contact, exposure to blood or blood contaminated body fluids, perinatal contact
33
What is the occupational exposure risk of HIV?
1. The risk of HIV transmission from patients to members of a dental team is low
2. The risk for a dental patient acquiring HIV disease in office is low
3. Maintenance of proper infection control during care for all patients is important
34
How easy or difficult is it to kill HIV?
1. HIV can be killed easily when outside of the body
2. HIV is killed much more easily on instruments and services than M tuberculosis and bacterial spores
35
What are the dental hygiene considerations of having an HIV positive patient?
1. Periodontal infections are more severe in HIV-1 and progress rapidly - periodontal infection ranges in severity, depending on immune status of the individual; spontaneous bleeding; and increased biofilm, need more frequent maintenance plan
36
Describe NUG and NUP
2. Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG) - ulceration and destruction of interdental papillae within spontaneous bleeding, pain develops rapidly
3. Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis (NUP) - NUG progresses to NUP, attachment loss and severe tissue destruction
37
What are the dental hygiene considerations for patients with severe pain?
1. Difficulty with mastication
2. Dental caries and dental erosion due to vomiting (client tends to vomit with medications)
3. Need fluoride treatment
38
What are the dental hygiene considerations for xerostomia?
1. Results of salivary gland diseases or side effect to meds
2. Need to review client diet to have non-caryogenic foods and snacks
