LLT, HBOT,Biofeedback,Magnets,Deep Oscillation, Counterirritants

Question 1

Infrared Therapeutic Lamps

Answer 1

• Superficial dry heat
• Wavelength range btw 780-12,500 nm
• Used to dry seeping open wounds or sedate superficial sensory nerves
• Electric current passes through a carbon or tungsten filament
• Darker skin will absorb more energy and will heat more rapidly
• Constant temp = Increased risk of burns
• Contraindications = Same as other superficial heat

Question 2

Visible portion of light spectrum

Answer 2

~380 - 780 nm

Question 3

Ultraviolet Therapeutic Lamps

Answer 3

• Heats the body’s tissues for either tissue destruction or therapeutic effects
• Wavelength btw 180-400 nm

Question 4

Laser Therapeutic Lamps

Answer 4

• Combination of homogenous ultraviolet and/or infrared energy
• produce a refined, monochromatic light in the UV, visible, or infrared range

Question 5

Types of Infrared Lamps

Answer 5

Luminous: WL = 780-1500nm

• Thermal effects = 5-10mm deep
• Energy formed by carbon or tungsten

Nonluminous: WL = 1500-12500 nm

• Thermal effects= <2mm; more superficial! skin feels warmer
• Energy formed by metal coil(invisible)

Question 6

Types of UV light

Answer 6

UV-A:

• Effects=Erythema without pigmentation
• Overdose=sunburn

UV-B

• Effects=Erythema w/out pigmentation
• Overdose=sunburn/blistering

UV-C

• Effects=kills bacteria
• Rarely causes burns/blisters
• Most common for chronic wounds
• 90 secs(kills bacteria) to 180 secs(decreases bacteria from chronic)

Question 7

UV contraindications

Answer 7

• Sunlight sensitivity
• Fair skin
• Meds or food that increase sunlight sensitivity (Tetracycline, shellfish)
• Hyperthyroidism

Question 8

LASER Therapy

Answer 8

=Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

• Emits photons(light energy) in very specific regions of the electromagnetic spectrum
• Penetrates tissue for increased blood flow and more rapid healing
• Laser(light energy) Versus US (Acoustic Energy)

Question 9

Low Level Laser

Answer 9

• Affect cellular energy of the underlying tissue
• Cold or LLLT DO NOT have a thermal effect on tissue
• output below 10milliwatts

Question 10

Effects of LLLT

Answer 10

• Increased ATP production
• Vasodilation
• Altered nerve conduction velocity
• Increased collagen production
• Increased macrophage activity

Question 11

Indications for LLLT

Answer 11

• Wounds,
• Joint pain(arthritis)
• Epicondylitis
• CTS
• Plantar fasciitis
• Muscle pain

Question 12

Contraindications of LLLT

Answer 12

• Not over cancer
• Not over eyes
• Pts with photophobia
• Not over abdomen of pregnant
• Not directly over thyroid gland
• Not over epiphyseal plates that aren’t sealed

Question 13

HBOT

Answer 13

-Overloads the body with O2 to prevent ischemia from secondary trauma and provide assistance to the healing process
-Pt. placed in environment 2-3times atmospheric absolute (ATA)
-1 ATA is sea level
=33 ft immersion equals an increase of 1ATA
-33ft = 2ATA

Question 14

How HBOT works

Answer 14

• O2 content in HBOT is increased to approx 6.6ml of O2 per 100ml of blood vs. normal = 5ml per 100ml of blood
• High O2 content causes vasoconstriction, decreasing blood flow by at least 20%
• Increases PMN and fibroblastic activity

Question 15

HBOT Indications

Answer 15

• Inflammation
• Sprains/strains
• DOMS
• Muscle soreness
• Wounds
• Tendon lacerations
• Compartment syndromes
• Crushing injuries

Question 16

HBOT Contraindications

Answer 16

• Ear infection
• Pregnancy
• Tympanic membrane rupture
• Sinusitis
• Asthma
• Fever
• Seizure
• Optic neuritis
• Pneumothorax

Question 17

Biofeedback

Answer 17

• Use of instrumentation to bring physiological events to conscious awareness
• Objectively measure the process
• Converts what is being measured into feedback that optimizes the desired effect

Question 18

EMG Biofeedback Instruments

Answer 18

• Surface electrodes used to transform signals
• Permits awareness of neural recruitment of muscles
• Electrical activity transformed into cues
• Electrical activity associated with the contraction being measured, NOT actual force production

Question 19

Biofeedback Electrodes

Answer 19

-3 = 1 point of reference to filter out non-meaningful electrical activity and 2 active over muscle

Question 20

Electrical Unit Components

Answer 20

Circuit that receives EMG signal:

• Raw EMG signal received through electrode is:
  1. Filtered
  2. Amplified
  3. Rectified
  4. Integrated
  5. Transduced

Question 21

EMG: 1.Filtering

Answer 21

• Removal of noise from high and low frequency sources

- Muscle activity is 80-250Hz: anything above or below must be filtered`

Question 22

EMG: 2.Amplification

Answer 22

-The process of taking a raw signal of muscle in the micro vault range and amplifying it to the millivolt range

Question 23

EMG: 3.Rectification

Answer 23

• All deflections from the isoelectric line are made + or -

- Allows for either an all + or all - reading

Question 24

EMG: 4.Integration

Answer 24

• Integrated signal: fitting curve through sample points
• Smoothes the signal, allowing area of curve to be quantified
• Can power lights or sound to provide feedback

Question 25

Biofeedback Indications

Answer 25

-Muscle re-education
-Relaxation
-ROM
Ultimate goal= decreased pain and/or increased function

Question 26

Biofeedback Contraindications

Answer 26

• Pt prohibited from moving joint

- Isometric contractions are contraindicated

Question 27

Therapeutic Magnets

Answer 27

• Measured in Gauss(G) or Tesla(T; 1T=10000G)
• Magnets for pain relief have a strength between 300-500G (Earths=0.5G)
• MRI machines=15,000G

Question 28

Contraindications for Magnets

Answer 28

• Pacemakers
• Insulin Pumps
• Other mechanical devices
• Pregnancy
• Epilepsy

Question 29

Counterirritants

Answer 29

-Biofreeze: Menthol
-Capzasin: capsaicin(menthol)
-Cobroxin/Nyloxin: Cobra venom
-Flex Power: Trolamine salicylate, glucosamine, MSM
Bengay: Camphor, menthol, methyl salicylate
-Octogen: Camphor, menthol, oil of turpentine, methyl salicylate
-Thera-Gesic: Menthol, methyl salicylate