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Living World- Wordlist Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

genetics

A

the study of heredity

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2
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

the molecule found within the nucleus which contains genetic information

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3
Q

double helix

A

the twisted strucutre formed by double-stranded DNA

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4
Q

nucleotide

A

the molecular building block of DNA consisting of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

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5
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases attached to?

A

Remember that sugar is sticky = the bases stick to the sugar

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6
Q

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases in DNA?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

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7
Q

complimentary base pairing

A

the hydrogen bonding between particular bases: in DNA, T-A and C-G

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8
Q

How do you memorise the complimentary base pairs?

A

Apple on a Tree, Car in a Garage

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9
Q

codon

A

a group of 3 nucleotides on a strand of mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid in the formation of a polypeptide

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10
Q

Polymerase

A

the enzyme responsible for synthesising new DNA/RNA

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11
Q

polypeptide

A

a chain of amino acids connected by peptide bonds. a single polypeptide may combine with other polypeptides to form a protein

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12
Q

What are the steps involved in polypeptide synthesis?

A

DNA -(translation)-> RNA -(transcription)-> polypeptide

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13
Q

transcription

A

a process that occurs in the nucleus where DNA is copied into an mRNA molecule

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14
Q

translation

A

a process where a ribosome synthesises a polypeptide chain using a tRNA molecule

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15
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

a strand of RNA used to carry information from the nucleus to a ribosome

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16
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

a molecule responsible for carrying amino acid to ribosomes

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17
Q

chromatin

A

a complex of DNA and proteins and forms chromosomes

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18
Q

chromosome

A

a thread-like structure that consists of condensed chromatin

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19
Q

homologous chromosome

A

a matching pair of chromosomes, one derived from each parent

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20
Q

haploid

A

cells containing 1 complete set (n) of chromosomes

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21
Q

diploid

A

cells containing 2 complete sets (2n) of chromosomes

22
Q

How do you memorise the difference between haploid and diploid?

A

haploid = half
diploid = di- = 2

23
Q

mitosis

A

cell division that produces 2 diploid cells which are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell

24
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis?

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (PMAT)

24
Q

How do you memorise the 4 stages of mitosis?

A

PMAT - photocopy, middle, apart, tear

25
Q

prophase

A

chromatin into chromosomes, the nuclear envelope break down, chromosomes attach to spindle fibres by their centromeres

26
Q

anaphase

A

sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell

26
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate (centre of the cell)

27
Q

telophase

A

2 new nuclear envelopes form, chromosomes unfold into chromatin, cytokinesis can begin

28
Q

cytokinesis

A

the process that finally splits the parent cell into two identical daughter cells

29
Q

meiosis

A

cell division that produces 4 haploid cells which are genetically unique

30
Q

crossing over

A

a process occurring in meoisis, where genetic material is exchanged between homologous chromosomes

31
Q

asexual reproduction

A

a type of reproduction which does not involve gametes and produces genetically unique offspring

32
Q

sexual reproduction

A

a type of reproduction which involves gametes and produces genetically unique offspring

33
Q

gametes

A

the haploid sex cells (sperm and ova) formed during the processs of meiosis

34
Q

gonads

A

organs that produce gametes in males and females i.e. testes and ovaries

35
Q

fertilisation

A

the uniting of 2 gametes to produce a zygote

36
Q

zygote

A

the diploid cell formed during the process of fertilisation

37
Q

gene

A

a section of DNA which codes for the production of a polypeptide and determines a characteristic

38
Q

allele

A

the alternate forms of a gene, found at the same location on homologous chromosomes

39
Q

genotype

A

the combination of alleles present for a particular gene in an organism

40
Q

phenotype

A

the physical expression of a genotype

41
Q

dominant

A

an allele that masks the presence of a recessive allele

42
Q

recessive

A

an allele that is masked when in the presence of a dominant allele

43
Q

homozygous

A

having identical alleles for a single gene e.g. RR (homozygous dominant) or rr (homozygous recessive)

44
Q

heterozygous

A

having 2 different alleles for a single gene e.g. Rr (heterozygous)

45
Q

monohybrid cross

A

a cross between 2 organisms involving a single gene

46
Q

pedigree

A

a chart used to depict relationships between organisms

47
Q

mutation

A

a change in the genetic information

48
Q

biotechnology

A

any technological applications that used plants, animals, or microorganisms to make/modify products/processes that benefit humans

49
Q

clone

A

a genetically identical cell or organism

50
Q

transgenic organism

A

an organism that has had genes from other species inserted into its genome

Science (4 decks)

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