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Geography > Living World > Flashcards

Living World Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the uses of a temperate deciduous forest (New Forest)

A
  • Provides 50, 000 tonnes of timber annually which are sold to businesses and local mills to make fencing
  • Attracts 20 million visitors for (dog) walking, horse riding, wildlife watching, cycling, (100 mile cycle track) etc.
  • 2,500 cattle (cows and pigs) allowed to roam free in autumn and summer months and can be sold
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2
Q

Describe how temperate deciduous forests are managed sustainably (New Forest)

A
  • Replanting trees from forestry (in winter - birds not nesting)
  • Selective Felling (removing some trees to make space for others)
  • 100 mile cycle track so cyclists do not ride over and damage plants
  • Dogs kept on leads and not allowed in breeding areas
  • Code of Conduct (take litter home and drive safely)
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3
Q

Tropical Rainforest - Amazon

A

Amazon rainforest grows mainly in countries like Brazil and Peru; at the current rate of forestation more than 50% will be gone by 2030.

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4
Q

Describe the uses of a tropical rainforest (Amazon)

A
  • 60% for cattle ranching (income for locals)
  • 1/3 for subsistence farming
  • HEP Belo Monte Dam (built across rivers)
  • Under 10% for mining, logging etc.
  • Ecotourism
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5
Q

Describe the impacts of deforestation in tropical rainforests (Amazon)

A
  • Habitat loss (affects biodiversity/endangered species/plant cures)
  • Global warming (carbon sink stores about 100 billion tonnes of CO2)
  • Reduced soil fertility due to less leaf litter + to intercept rainfall
  • No trees to hold soil together leading to soil erosion
  • Native tribes lose their traditions and forced to move off land (e.g. Kayapo Indians use Brazil nuts to make oils for Body Shop for income)
  • Conflict between landowners and locals ( 2009 riot in Peru with hundred killed or injured)
  • People have a good quality of live coming from overcrowded areas
  • Exports (beef or timber) contribute to GDP of Brazil
  • 6.5 million jobs created in mining, farming etc.
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6
Q

Describe how tropical rainforests can be managed sustainably (Amazon)

A
  • Replant more than 100,000 km squared before 2018, and Brazil imposed laws by banning sale of mahogany
  • Central Amazon Conservation Complex (largest protected site) / World Heritage Site and home to animals like black caimans and river dolphins.
  • Ecotourism (70 lodges in Peru with tens of hundreds visitors)
  • Conservation swaps (reduce debt of Costa Rica by $26 million)
  • Rich world impose high tariffs on timber, for example
  • Educate locals who illegally lodge about sustainable ways and encourage ecotourism or harvest of Brazil nuts instead
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7
Q

Temperate Deciduous Forest - New Forest

A

New Forest National Park is located in the county of Hampshire, South England.

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8
Q

Describe the uses of a poor world desert (Kalahari, South Africa)

A
  • Sparsely populated by native tribes (San Bushmen) who hunt antelope and gather plants for food
  • 2.3 million cattle graze on irrigated land (boreholes) in Botswana
  • Orapa Mine in Botswana contributes 40% of income
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9
Q

Describe the uses of a rich world desert (Mojave Desert, USA)

A
  • Mining tonnes of iron ore for Ford cars (but less than in past)
  • Cattle farming requires pasture (grown with groundwater from nearby Mojave and Colorado River)
  • Tourism (Las Vegas, Nevada has the Death Valley National Park and Grand Canyon which have over 1 million visitors due to landscape and activities like camping etc.)
  • Settlements (80% of people in Sun City, Arizona are over 65)
  • Military training
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10
Q

Describe the (negative) impacts of using poor world deserts (Kalahari)

A
  • Overgrazing = soil erosion / Irrigation = depleted groundwater
  • Fences block migration routes of wildebeests who will starve
  • Mining affects local San Bushmen as it depletes groundwater supplies (water shortage) and forces them to move from their land (lose traditions)
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11
Q

Describe the (negative) impacts of using a rich world desert (Mojave Desert)

A
  • Farming uses lots of water (irrigation) which depletes groundwater supplies and taken from other areas of desert (reduces vegetation there) and causes soil erosion from cattle overgrazing
  • Tourists use lots of water in hotels for extravagant water features/pools and damage natural environment (drop litter and damage ecosystems by dune buggying)
  • Military training scares wildlife and damages vegetation
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12
Q

Describe how poor world deserts are managed sustainably (Kalahari)

A
  • Charged for volume of water in Namibia so less used
  • Water supplies increased to reduce effect of drought by building dams and drilling boreholes (not sustainable in the long term)
  • Central Kalahari Game Reserve for San Bushmen in Botswana
  • Removing fences so fewer wildebeests die
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13
Q

Describe how rich world deserts are managed sustainably (Mojave)

A
  • Water Conservation Scheme, e.g. Mojave Water Agency offer vouchers for water efficient washing machines and toilets
  • Protected areas like Grand Canyon and Death Valley National Park and environmentally important places do not allow cars
  • Some hotels try conserve water by drip irrigation to water lawns, for example
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14
Q

Ecosystem

A

A community of plants and animals (living things) and their interaction with the non living environment (soil and climate) they live in.

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15
Q

Producer

A

An organism that uses sunlight energy to produce food.

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16
Q

Consumer

A

An organism that gets its energy by eating other organisms, i.e. producers or other consumers.

17
Q

Food chain

A

Shows the transfer of energy or what eats what.

18
Q

Food web

A

Shows lots of food chains and how they overlap.

19
Q

Decomposer

A

An organism that gets its energy by breaking down dead plant and animal matter, e.g. bacteria and fungi.

20
Q

Nutrient Cyle

A

Shows how nutrients (e.g. carbon and nitrogen) are recycled in an ecosystem and released back into the soil.

21
Q

Location of Temperate Deciduous Forests

A

Found between 40 and 60 degrees north and south of the equator in places where there are four distinct seasons.

22
Q

Location of Hot Deserts

A

Found between 15 and 30 degrees north and south of the equator where there is low rainfall.

23
Q

Location of Tropical Rainforests

A

Found around the equator in places with hot climates with high humidity.

24
Q

Growing Season

A

Requires temperatures above 6 degrees Celcius

25
Q

Tropical Rainforests

A
  • Hot, wet climate with no definite seasons
  • Soil is not very fertile as nutrients are washed away by heavy rainfall - only top layer (which is thin) is nutrient rich because it is made from decayed leaf litter due to warm, moist conditions
26
Q

Tropical Rainforests Vegetation Structure

A

Emergents - tallest trees (40m) with branches poking out of the canopy only where sunlight reaches
Canopy - continuous layer of trees around 30m
Under canopy - half the height of canopy
Shrub layer - nearest to ground (10m) with little light reaching there

27
Q

Tropical Rainforest Plant Adaptations

A
  • Leaves have waxy surfaces and drip tips to shed excess rainwater quickly so that the weight does not damage plants and turn them mouldy in the humid climate
  • Leaves have flexible bases to maximise sunlight
  • Emergent trees are fast growing above main canopy
  • Tree roots are shallow to maximise nutrient uptake
  • Trees have wide buttress roots for support
  • Climbing plants, like Lianas, grow up tree trunks towards light
28
Q

Hot Desert

A
  • Extreme temperatures in the day
  • Little rainfall (one or twice a year)
  • Shallow with a gravelly texture - infertile due to little leaf litter
29
Q

Hot Desert Plant Adaptations

A

Cacti

  • Pleated stem allowing it to expand/store more water for drier months
  • Shallow roots to maximise rainwater uptake before it evaporates
  • Small spiny leaves to find off animals and reduce transpiration
  • Think, waxy cuticle to reduce water loss by transpiration
  • Seeds of Arizona poppy only germinate after summer rain and grow quickly whilst water is still available to survive
  • Sagebrush plant has roots up to 25m long to reach deep underground water and is pale to reflect heat (reduce water loss)
  • Yellow daisy is small and hair to reduce the effect of the wind (on transpiration)
  • Joshua Tree has needle like leaves carried in waxy resin
30
Q

Temperate Deciduous Forest

A
  • Moderate climate
  • Even rainfall
  • Four distinct seasons
  • Highly fertile, deep soil from layers for decomposing animal and plant matter
31
Q

Temperate Deciduous Forest Vegetation Structure

A

Tree layer - trees around (30m) e.g. oak
Shrub layer - small trees (5-20m) e.g. hawthorne
Undergrowth - like brambles, mosses, lichens and flowering plants

32
Q

Reasons for deforestation

A
  • Cattle ranching
  • HEP
  • Logging (illegal)
  • Mining
  • Settlements

Geography (6 decks)

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