Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

animal biology > living together > Flashcards

living together Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is community structure?

A

how rich a community is
- genetically
- morphologically and behaviourally
- taxnomically
- functionally

how evenly represented the species / functional groups are within the community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is a community?

A

an interacting group of various species in the same location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what makes up a phenotype?

A
  • morphological characteristics
  • biochemical or physiological properties
  • phenology
  • behaviour

the organisms genes, environmental factors or both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is a functional group?

A

a set of species that each have:
- similar effects on ecosystem processes
- similar responses to environmental conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does the presence of similar function traits among species indicate?

A

that it is an ecosytsem high in functional redundancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does functional redundancy mean?

A
  • species feed similarly
  • reproduce the same
  • live in same habitat
  • carry out same processes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

fundamental niche

A

set of biotic and abiotic resources an organism can potentially utilize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

realized niche

A

set of biotic and abiotic resources that an organism can actually use after interacting/competing with other species
subsample of the fundamental niche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

evenness

A

a description of the distribution of abundance across the species in a communit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is community composition?

A
  • actual identitiy of species & functional groups that form a community
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is community structure?

A

reflects the richness and evenness of the community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is ecosystem function?

A

refers to the capacity of ecosystems to carry out primary ecosystem processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the main ecosystem functions?

A
  • capturing
  • storing & transferring energy
  • CO2
  • nutrients
  • waste
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

keystone species and ecosystem functioning

A
  • they affect organisms higher up or lower down the food chain
  • larger effect on ecosystems relative to their abundance
  • often a predator
  • affects richness & evenness of communities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

autecology

A

interactions with the living and non-living factors of its environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are life history traits?

A

traits that affect an organism´s schedule of birth and death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

examples of life history traits

A
  • life stages
  • mating system
  • number of offspring
  • parental care
  • distribution of breeding events through life
  • mortality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

semelparous

A

only breed once

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

iteroparous

A

breed repeatedly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

reproductive value

A
  • their expected contribution to future population growth
  • determined by the age-specific vital rates
  • present + expected future contribution to the population
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

most successful life history strategy?

A
  • high survival
  • reproduction early
  • many offspring
  • highly invest in offspring
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

life hustory trade-offs

A
  • limited resources of time and energy
  • different activities compete for same resources
  • expenditure in one activity only possible at expense of other activities
    -> giives rise to trade-offs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

r-selected species

A
  • small
  • short-lived
  • mature early
  • many small offspring
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

k-selected species

A
  • large
  • long lived
  • mature late
  • few large offspring
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is a population?

A

group of individuals of same species that occur at a particular place at a particular time and interact with each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how to count a population?

A
  • total count
  • sampling methods
  • abundance indices
  • genotyping
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

horizontal life tables

A

follow known individuals through time and record their birth rates and death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

vertical life tables

A

identify age of indviduals and retrace when they were born

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

lotka´s theorem

A

when birth and mortality rates remian constant over time and reach a stable age distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

r value

A

birth - death = r
- if slightly positive -> pop grows exponentially

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what favours a positive r value?

A
  • favourable environment
  • low mortality
  • high fecunidty
  • early onset of reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what regulates population growth?

A
  • the climate school (pop limited by environmental factors - density independent)
  • the biological school (limited resources that need to be shared between all individuals - density dependent)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

dispersal

A
  • movement of organisms from one location to another
  • can be intentional: migration
  • or passive: due to wind, water, species..
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what can affect dispersal?

A
  • local population dynamics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

neutral theory

A

all species in a population are equal in their competitive abilities
a baseline scenario

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

fragmentation

A
  • natural or anthropogenic
  • affects dispersal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

2 types of large scale movements

A
  • migration
  • dispersal
38
Q

migration

A
  • directional movement of large numbers of one species from one location to another in a predictable way
  • predictable in time and space
39
Q

migration strategies

A
  • minimise cost of transport
  • minimise duration
  • minimise risk of predation
40
Q

metapopulation

A
  • has spatially discrete local populations
  • migration between populations limited
41
Q

connectivity

A
  • predicted rate of immigration into a patch or predicted success of migrants leaving a patch
  • without connectivity local patches may go extinct
  • with connectivity excess productivity can be distributed over the region
  • local recolonisation
42
Q

what can affect population abundance?

A
  • density of own population
  • food thy eat
  • being eaten
  • competition with other species
43
Q

types of interactions between species

A
  • competition
  • predation / parasitism / herbivory
  • commensalism
  • mutualism
44
Q

competition

A
  • each species suffers from the presence of the other
  • direct aggression
  • using up resources (inference competition)
  • presence of a competing species can lower the carrying capacity of other species
45
Q

graphs showing species competition

A
  • left of line = space to grow
  • right of line = above the carrying capacity
46
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A
  • two species with the same needs to not co-exist indefinitely
47
Q

result of competition

A
  • species occupy different niches
  • morphological changes (e.g. darwin finches)
  • affects distribution and abundance
48
Q

predation

A
  • positive to one population, detrimental to the other
  • predators, parasites, plants can regulate their prey, host or herbivore population
49
Q

lotka-volterra equation

A

frequently used to describe the dynamics of ecological systems in which two species interact, one a predator and one its prey.

50
Q

commensalism

A
  • one species benefits but not the other
  • one more advantaged, other not negatively affected
51
Q

mutualism

A
  • positive reciprocal relationship between two species
  • stable equilibirum (lotka-volt)
  • 2 mutualistic species can regulate each others populations
52
Q

communities

A
  • assemblages of many populations that live in the same place at the same time
  • shaped by fators acting between diff species (e.g. competition, preadtion…)
53
Q

how are communities classified

A

most commonly based on climate and vegitation

54
Q

diveristy of communities

A

communities can differ depending on
- species richness (number of species)
- evenness (distribution/number of individuals within each species)

55
Q

food webs as trophic structures

A

producers = first trophic level
herbivores / primary consumer = second trophic level
carnivores / second. consumer = third trophic level
carnivores / tertiary consumer = fourth trophic level

56
Q

how are trophic levels distributed?

A
  • more prey than predators
  • higher trophic levels cannot be higher because of the conversion of energy between levels -> energy lost
57
Q

how can communities be characterised?

A
  • species lists
  • diversity indices
  • food webs
58
Q

spatial patterns in diversity

A
  • latitude -> decreases with elevation, aridity, water depth
  • temporal / sucession -> volcanic eruptions, atlantification of the arctic (changed communities)
59
Q

what factors can affect diversity?

A
  • species-area relationship
  • size -> large areas more diverse bc more resources
  • isolation -> closer to islands have higher colonisation rate bc easier to reach
  • species interactions
  • keystone species
  • habitat complexity -> more complex = richer diveristy
  • disturbance -> intermediate disturbanvce = diversity
60
Q

keystone species

A

have a disproportionally large effect on natural environment due to its abundance

61
Q

competition exclusion principle

A
  • Competitive interactions among the populations of two species will lead to the exclusion of one of the species when the realized niche of the superior competitor encompasses the fundamental niche of the inferior competitor
  • surviving species is better at using the limited resources
62
Q

species-rich assemblages

A
  • fine partitioning of feeding niches can support the diveristy of organisms at equilibrium
  • use resources in diff parts of environment in complementary ways due to the development of different traits
63
Q

changes in environmental conditions and competitive exclusion of species

A
  • continually changing environmental conditions to not allow competitive exclusion of species
  • conditions / resources in nature change all the time
  • this helps species take advantage of different conditions -> each have a favourable one
64
Q

intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A
  • redicts that the highest diversity will occur at levels of moderate disturbance
  • important for biodiversity
65
Q

disturbances in rainforests

A
  • windstorms
  • landslips
  • lightning
  • insect plagues
  • plant parasites
66
Q

disturbances in corals

A
  • storm waves
  • freshwater floods
  • sediments
  • herds of predators
67
Q

result of low disturbance

A
  • low species diversity
  • due to competitive exclusion
  • k selected species
68
Q

result of high disturbance

A
  • low species diversity due to difficulty to regenerate and regian that diversity
  • same for a large disturbing event
  • only good colonizers or highly tolerant species can persist
  • r selected species
69
Q

when do you get maximum diversity?

A
  • at intermediate disturbance frequencies
  • species that thrive at both early and late successional stages can coexist
  • mix of good colonisers and competitor species
70
Q

r-strategist

A
  • high / fast growth rate
  • can grow fast at each resource pulse
71
Q

k-strategist

A
  • can survive when resources are low
  • more likely to survive in the long term
  • more competitive when resources are low
72
Q

animal cooperation at a macro level

A

cooperation builds landscapes
e.g. corals and their algae symbionts

73
Q

animal cooperation at a micro level

A

allows for digestion
e.g. gut commensals of ruminant mammals or termites

74
Q

slavery / dulosis

A
  • one species is being captured by another species and work for them
  • e.g. social parsitism
  • no physical dependence
  • a one way advantage
75
Q

brood parasitism

A
  • the placing of eggs into the nest of another member of the same or a different species
  • the different species rears the young of the brood parasite
76
Q

brood parasitism - insects

A
  • large blue butterfly and myrmica ants
  • worker ants pick up catapillars
  • catapillars grow and develop and exploit resources within ant nest
  • pheromone mimicry -> catapillar smells like ant larvae
  • can mimic noises of queen ant to make ants do what catapillar wants
77
Q

brood parasitism - birds

A
  • birds lay nest in other birds nest
  • intra or interspecific
  • bird then does not need to rear the young
  • co-evolutionary arms race
  • e.g. cuckoo -> lays eggs in nests of birds whos eggs it can mimic easily
78
Q

counter defenses by brood parasites - evolutionary arms race

A
  • if birds being “exploited” learn to be able to discriminate
  • pass on info to others of same species
  • giving them an advantage
  • can work both ways
79
Q

benefits of brood parasitism

A
  • allows bird to have an increased fecundity -> able to reproduce a lot without needing to invest lots of energy
  • greater allocation of resources to mating and producing more eggs
  • dont need to defend nests, incubate eggs or feed the young
80
Q

predator

A

organism that catches and kills other organisms for food

81
Q

parasite

A
  • organism that for all / some of its life derives its food from a living organism from another species (the host)
  • lives at the expense of others
  • lives in or on body of host (host often harmed)
82
Q

parsitoid

A
  • organism alternately parasitic and free living
  • the parasitism ultimately kills the host
83
Q

hyperparasitoid

A

secondary parasitoid on another parasite or parasitoid

84
Q

entomopathogens

A
  • pathogens that kill or seriously disable insects
  • parasites acting as plant bodyguards
  • (host can also act as a bodyguard for the parasitoid)
85
Q

ectoparasites

A

live on skin of the host
derive their sustenance from skin

86
Q

endoparasites

A

lives inside host
can have direct / indirect life cycles

87
Q

hemimetabolous

A
  • life cycle consists of egg, nymph, and adults
  • having no pupal stage in the transition from larva to adult
88
Q

holometabolous

A
  • metamorphosis is characteristic of beetles, butterflies and moths, flies, and wasps
  • their life cycle includes four stages: egg, larva (q.v.), pupa (q.v.), and adult.
89
Q

advantages of parasitism

A
  • secure physical and chemical environment
  • homeostasis maintained by the host
  • secure & abundant resources
  • opportunity to reduce endogenous metabolic pathways
  • resource availability for huge reproductive potential
  • transmission routes available - faeces, urine…
  • indirect / multiple host life cycles -> larva and adults can exploit different resources
90
Q

disadvantages of parasitism - endoparasites

A
  • finding a host
  • navigating within host
  • finding mates
  • defensive reactions of the host -> parasite must evolve to counteract anitbodies etc…
91
Q

disadvantages of parasitism - ectoparasites.

A
  • host finding
  • danger from blood-borne parasites for which they are vectors
  • specialised feeding -> parasites need special mouthparts, blood supply enhancers…

animal biology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions