Livestock Neuro Flashcards
1
Q
Common disease with Cortical signs
A
- PEM
- Salt poisoning/water deprivation
- lead poisoning
- Vit A deficiency
- rabies
- enterotoxemia type D (sheep)
2
Q
Clinical signs - where is the lesion
- ataxia
- CP deficits
- altered mentation (aggression, depression)
- CN deficits
- Opisthotonus
A
Cortical!
3
Q
PEM!
- Full name
- Who gets it?
- What does it do?
- Main cause?
- CS?
- What can the eye signs tell us about the lesion location?
- Dx?
- Tx?
- Px
- Prevention
A
- Polioencehalomalacia
- Small ruminants > cattle > camelid
- Necrosis of cortical gray matter
- Decreased thiamine production due to rapid addition or inc in a high conc diet, grain overload/engorgement (thiamine is important in main metabolic pathway for glucose metabolism in brain)
- Cortical neuro signs & Cortical blindness (lack of menace, normal PLR, dorsomedial stabismus)
- Eye and optic nerve lesions = ipsilateral blindness; optic tracts and lateral geniculate lesions = contralateral blindness with normal PLR
- Response to thiamine can help increase suspicion of PEM… Histopath confirms
- Thiamine, Dexamethasone, supportive
- Depends on duration
- Supplement with thiamine, adapt to high grain diets,m prevent free choice grain access, limit dietary sulfur
4
Q
Salt poisoning!
- Etiology
- Dx
- Tx
- Prevention
A
- high salt intake, water deprivation, followed by rapid water intake (cerebral edema!)
- Hx and clinical signs, clin path (serum or CSF Na >160), feed analysis, necropsy/histopath
- Slowly decrease serum Na levels, steroids, thiamin, supportive (poor prognosis)
- Management (waterers, correct mixing, etc)
5
Q
Lead Poisoning! Toxic to cells!
- Occurrence
- Dx
- Tx
- Prevention
A
- Most common intoxicant of cattle (calves»_space;»> cattle > others)
- Hx, clinical signs, rads - reticulum and CrV rumen, blood or urine Pb levels, basophilic stippling on RBCs
- Remove source, Ca EDTA chelation, Thiamine, Steroids, Cathartics, Supportive, Rumenotomy
- Clean the lead from the environment
6
Q
Rabies!
- Incubation period
- Which form is most common in cattle?
- Recumbency seen within _____ days
- Death within ____ days
- Should you always have rabies in your list of ddx for neuro cases?
- Dx
- Tx
- Prevention
A
- 3-6 months
- PARALYTIC form (flaccid)
- 3-5 days
- 10 days
- Yep
- hx, clinical signs, post mortem (negri bodies)
- no tx - quarantine prev vaccinated or slaughter immediately
- Vaccinate
7
Q
Pseudorabies!
aka Mad Itch
- who gets this?
- is the US free of this?
A
swine
Nope, still in feral pigs
8
Q
TSE!
- Two main ones? Who does each affect?
- What kind of disease is this?
- How is it transmitted?
- Is scrapie heritiable?
A
- Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Mad Cow) –> cows; Scrapie –> sheep and goats only
- Prion - abnormal form of normal protein
- BSE - feeding rendered animal proteins from infected animals or spontaneous mutation; Scrapie: classical - horizontal and vertical, atypical - spontaneous mutation
- No, requires susceptible genotype AND exposure - Genetic susceptibility testing has only been developed for sheep
9
Q
TSE! part 2
- CS of BSE
- CS of Scrapie
- Dx of BSE
- Dx of Scrapie
- Is there any tx?
- Prevention
A
- Long incubation period (4-6 years). In dairy cows, anxiety or apprehension about entering the milking parlor is a common sign. Cattle also exhibit behavioral changes and can be apprehensive or belligerent
- Behavioral changes and pruritis are big signs
- No current antemortem testing available –> histopath of spongiform lesions
- Third eyelid or rectal mucosal biopsy test by western blot or IHC to ID scrapie prions in lymphatic tissues
- No tx, progressive to death
- no feeding of ruminant derived protein, genetic testing for resistance (classical scrapie in sheep), notifiable dz
10
Q
Common disease with brainstem lesions
A
Listeriosis
TEME
Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
11
Q
LIsteriosis!
- What causes it?
- Where is it found?
- CS of Neuro form
- Dx
- Tx
- Prevention/Control
- Zoonosis?
A
- L. monocytogenes, Gram + bacteria
- Grows in improperly stored silage or forages w/pH >5.4; also found in soil and GIT
- Fever!!! (early), anorexia, depression, ataxia, head pressing; CN V-XII deficits, particularly V ad VII, *** neuro form does not cause abortion
- hx (access to silage), CS, monocytosis in CSF, necropsy, brain tissue culture
- Abx - long term, supportive
- Remove the source
- Zoonotic
12
Q
TEME! 1. Full name 2. Organism 3. Where does infection begin? 4. Clinical signs? 5. Dx? Tx? Vaccine? Px?
A
- Thromboembolic Meningoencephalitis
- Histophilus somni - Gram negative
- Respiratory disease. Endothelial cells –> cell death –> initiation of clotting cascade –> THROMBOSIS. Activation of immune system
- FEVER and asymmetrical neuro signs
- Dx = CSF analysis, CBC (septicemia) –> necropsy
Tx = Abx
Vaccine = there is one but it has questionable efficacy
Px = fair if caught early
13
Q
BVDV
- CNS lesions occur if infected between ___-_____ days of gestation
- Clinical signs?
- Dx?
- Tx?
- Px?
A
- 90-170 days
- CEREBELLAR HYPOPLASIA…. also hydrancephaly, hydrocephalus, hypomyelinogenesis
- Dx = clinical signs that are present at birth
- Px = not compatible with life
14
Q
Where’s the lesion….
Weakness, ataxia (rear limbs > front limbs), exaggerated reflexes, quadriplegia, respiratory or cardiac arrest
A
Cervical spine
15
Q
Where’s the lesion….
Weakness in front legs and ataxia in rear legs. Exaggerated reflexes in the rear legs
A
Thoracic spine
