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749 - Ex 3 > Equine Repro > Flashcards

Equine Repro Flashcards

1
Q

How long is the mare’s cycle during breeding season?

A

21-23 days

  • 1 wk follicular phase
  • 2 wks luteal phase
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2
Q

This phase lasts 5-7 days.

The cervix is OPEN and edematous. The mucus is clear. Uterus is RELAXED.

What hormone dominates this phase?

What kind of behavior signals does the mare show?

A

Estrus phase

Estrogen dominates

Behavior signals: tail rising, mating posture, etc

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3
Q

This phase of the cycle lasts 14-16 days

The cervix is CLOSED and protrudes. The mucus is tacky and dry. Uterus is toned.

What hormone dominates?

How does the mare behave?

A

Diestrus

Progesterone dominates

The mare is NOT receptive to the stallion

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4
Q

You are looking at the ovary with US…. there is a follicle and NO CL. What stage is this?

How big at follicles at ovulation?

What does the shape look like prior to ovulation?

Predictions of ovulation with palpation

A

Estrus

~45 mm
(grow at rate of 3-5 mm/day)

Irregular shape, well defined border

Pain on palpation, softening

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5
Q

You are looking at the ovary with US…. you see the CL. What stage is this?

Can you palpate CL?

Are there still follicles present on ovary?

A

Diestrus

Cannot palpate CL

There can be follicles present on ovary

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6
Q

You are looking at the uterus on US… there is relaxed uterine tone, open cervix, and ENDOMETRIAL EDEMA!!! What stage is this?

A

Estrus!

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7
Q

You are looking at the uterus with US… the uterus is toned and cervix is closed. There is NO endometrial edema. What stage is this?

A

Diestrus

*sweatshirt gray appearance

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8
Q

Whats the criteria for timing of induction?

A
  • follicle about 35 mm

- uterine edema present, relaxed uterus and cervical tone

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9
Q

What two hormones are used to induce ovulation?

A
  1. hCG
    - acts as a follicle
    - ~36 hrs to ovulation
    - *reduced response with repeated use
  2. GnRH
    - causes pituitary release of endogenous LH
    - ~40 hrs to ovulation
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10
Q

What is short-cycling a mare? How do we do it?

A

Lysis of CL to induce return to estrus or abortion

**CL is not fully susceptible until 5 Days!!!

We use PGF2-a

  • Lutalyse: return to estrus in 2-5 days, ovulation approx 9 days later
  • Estrumate
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11
Q

Mares are ____-day breeders. There are in anestrus in ____.

Increase in day-length stimulates HPG-axis. How long does this take?

How can we use this to alter their breeding times?

A

Long-day breeders

winter

2-3 month transition period! FSH increases prior to LH

put them under lights for 8 wks beginning in Dec to start breeding season in Feb

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12
Q

How do we assess fertility in stallions?

A

Observational - live foals or preg rates per cycle or breeding season

BSE

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13
Q

A normal stallion can impregnate up to 7 mares/day in this type of program
- pasture mating: 40-50 mares/stallion - hand mating: used most frequently in thoroughbreds

A

Natural mating

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14
Q

Pros and Cons of AI

A

Pros:

  • safety, disease control
  • increased mare #s/stallion
  • semen evaluation

Cons:

  • requires expertise and equipment
  • semen handling must be done with care, damage possible
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15
Q

How long does fresh semen last in the female?

A

2 days

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16
Q

How long does cooled semen last in the female?

A

1 day

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17
Q

How long does frozen semen last in the female?

A

~1/2

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18
Q

Mare has 35 mm follicle… you give her hCG… she will ovulate ____ days later. The equine oocyte will remain viable for (up to) ____ hrs after ovulation.

A

1.5 days later

12 hrs

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19
Q

Once fertilized…. the embryo remains in oviduct for ___ - ___ days

A

5-6 days

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20
Q

How does maternal recognition of pregnancy occur? early vs late

A

Early = signal from migration of embryo, up to day 17 (prevents luteal regression –> maintains preg)
*if embryo movement is limited you can supplement with progesterone

Later = Cup cells, active from day 35-120

  • produce eCG
  • once they are formed they will not regress until day 120
21
Q

How long will the cups stick around? Even if pregnancy is lost after day 35?

A

They will not regress until 120 days

22
Q

Ovaries are ____ and “____” during pregnancy

There are _____ CLs that help increase P4 production

At day ~150 the ovaries become inactive and placenta takes over production of _____

A

large and “active”

Secondary

Progestins

23
Q

What are the different ways we test for Pregnancy?

A
  1. Palpation!
    - 25-35 days
    - tone uterus, tight cervix, bulge
  2. US
    - early, d12-16
    - search entire uterus
    - twin detection
  3. Cervical exam
    - tight cervix, pale/dry mucosa
  4. Endocrine testing
    - eCG, from cups d35-120; + means cups are present, but preg may or may not be viable
    - Estrogen, produced by fetal-placental unit (increase ~d90)
24
Q

What level of P4 is needed to maintain pregnancy?

A

P4 >4ng/mL

Can supplement if needed

25
Q

What is the primary CL responsible for?

What color are they?

A

P4 production and maintenance in early pregnancy

Uniform grey color on the ovary

26
Q

What are the secondary CLs job?

A

Smaller CLs that form on an ovary in response to eCG production

Increase amount of P4 production

27
Q

What is a trophoblastic vesicle?

How long does it stick around?

Are cups formed?

A

Development of trophoblast but no inner cell mass

Retained CL, maintained for 20-40 days

No cup formation

28
Q

US of uterus….

edema in uterus walls

Loss of fetal definition, disrupted membranes

Lack of a heart beat?

A

Pregnancy loss

29
Q

What is the gestation length?

A

340 days

Can vary

30
Q

What kinds of preparations are done typically 1 mo prior to foaling?

A
  • vaccines

- remove caslick if present

31
Q

Signs of foaling

A

Mammary gland development - engorgement of teats

  • waxing of teat ends
  • milk dripping from udder
  • Ca carbonate inc in milk

Ventral Edema

Abdomen drops

Perineal relaxation, elongation/swelling of vulva

Behavior changes

32
Q

Who controls foaling?

A

FETUS - initiates foaling

Foaling may also be delayed if the mare is stressed or disturbed

33
Q

Placenta is considered retained after ___ hrs

A

3 hours

34
Q

Do we induce labor?

A

Not performed routinely

- can have adverse effects on foal

35
Q

Chorioallantoic membrane fails to rupture and pases through the vulva - EMERGENCY (lost blood supply to fetus)

A

Red Bag Delivery

36
Q

Foal at risk of hypoxia

Membrane should be opened immediately - deliver foal quickly

A

Premature separation of the placenta

37
Q

Dystocia

Mare and Fetal Causes

A

Mare:
- uterine inertia, narrow birth canal

Fetal:
- abnormal position or posture, developmental abnormalities, dead or sick foals

38
Q

Retained placenta

A

Considered retained if not passed within 3 hours!

Mares that have had one are at higher risk for a second

VERY serious subsequent medical problems (endotox, sepsis, laminitis, death…)

Tx: oxytocin (low dose), water infusion

39
Q

Mares have ____ interval from foaling to ovulation - how many days?

A

Short

10 days

40
Q

This is the most common tumor of mare repro tract

What do mares act like?

Px?

A

Granulosa cell tumor

Act stallion-like

**Usually do NOT cycle on contralateral ovary

Px: good for return of repro fxn after sx removal of tumor

41
Q

Oviductal blockage

A
  1. Hydrosalphynx - distally blocked oviduct
    * RARE
  2. Occluding masses - gelatinous with fibroblasts - difficult to confirm
42
Q

Pneumouterus (hyperechoic area on US)

A

Air in vagina can get into uterus when cervix relaxes

43
Q

What does fluid in the uterus mean? (diestrus)

A

Looks black or can have mixed echogenicity of cellular debris

*Inflammation or infection

44
Q

Cysts

A

Don’t confuse with embryo!

Can be from blocked lymphatic vessels (common in older mares)

45
Q

Foreign bodies in uterus

A

Fetal bones
Culture swabs
Marbles
Hyperechoic (shadow)

46
Q

Uterine inflammation, usually assoc’d with an infection

A

Endometritis

On US: follicle on ovary with (junky) fluid in uterus

Tx: Abx and prostaglandin

47
Q

Long standing infection with fluid accumulation

A

Pyometra

*Significant endometrial damage, poor prognosis

48
Q

Urine pooling

A

Urine enters uterus during estrus, often seen in older or postpartum mares

49
Q

Reminder to looks at culture and cytology on ppt slides

A

*

749 - Ex 3 (4 decks)

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