Liver, Hepatobiliary, and Exocrine Pancrease System Flashcards
Name functions of the liver
Bile production Detoxification Nutrient Metabolism Defense Mechanism Plasma protein synthesis
What cells provide the defense mechanism of the liver
Kupffer cells
large macrophages remove old and defective blood cells
bacteria, and other foreign material from portal blood
Name facts about liver structure
largest organ located under diaphragm 4 primary lobes essential for life metabolic organ large reserve capacity
What proteins do the liver synthesize?
albumin
clotting factor
What makes up the portal triad?
hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein
bile duct
What are the liver cells?
hepatocytes
What is unique about the blood supply?
It has a dual blood supply
Consists of a venous supply thru hepatic portal vein
and an arterial supply thru the hepatic artery
Where does the venous blood from the hepatic portal vein come from?
the digestive tract and major abdominal organs such as spleen and pancreas
What does the portal blood supply carry
nutrient and toxic materials absorbed in the intestine
blood cells and their breakdown products from the spleen
insulin and glucagon from the pancreas
Where does the venous outflow of blood dump?
inferior vena cava
What are the functional units of the liver?
lobules
hexagonal struture containing hepatocytes that radiate outward from central vein
At each six corners of the lobule is a
portal triad
What are leaky capillaries between the hepatic plates called
sinusoids
contain Kupffer cells
What do hepatocytes produce?
Bile
secreted into bile canaliculi forming bile ducts
eventually joins common bile duct that joins duodenum
Yellow-green alkaline solution
bile
What does bile contain?
Water Cholesterol Bile salts: derived from cholesterol Bicarbonate ion:neutralize stomach acid neutral fats phospholipids electrolytes bile pigments
What helps emulsify fats in digestion?
Bile salts and phospholipids
What is the main bile pigment?
bilirubin
How does liver remove toxic ammonia from the body?
It combines with CO2 to form urea
What is the system for recirculation of bile salt?
Enterohepatic circulation
liver recycles bile salts
Steps of bilirubin metabolism
Destruction of RBC release hemoglobin
Hg broken down to heme and globin
Globin reused from amino acids
Heme toxic
Heme then formed into unconjugated bilirubin
Transported on albumin into the hepatocytes
Then formation of Conjugated bilirubin
Conjugated is water-soluble and excreted as bile into small intestines
What conjugates unconjugated bilirubin to conjugated?
glucuronic acid by the hepatocytes
What give feces a brown color?
Urobilinogen
formed from conjugated bilirubin secreted by the intestinal flora (bacteria) of the small intestine
Yellow discoloration of the skin and deep tissue
jaundice
Major form of carbohydrate storage?
glycogen
Where is glycogen mainly formed and stored?
liver
Name for glycogen formation
Glycogenosis
Name for break down of glycogen into glucose?
Glycogenolysis
Name for formation of glucose from noncarb sources?
Gluconeogenesis
Where does cholesterol synthesis take place?
liver
Can liver metabolize cholesterol?
yes
What delivers cholesterol from cells to liver
HDL
What delivers cholesterol that is synthesized by the liver to the tissues?
LDL
What are converted into ketones by the liver?
fatty acids
What vitamins are stored in the liver?
A B12 D K riboflavin nicotinamide trace metals: iron and copper
The liver is the principal organ of defense against what?
bacterial invasions
toxic agents
Accessory digestive organ that extends across abdomen
pancreas
Exocrine function of the pancreas
secret digestive enzymes and
bicarb ions
Name of secretory cells of the pancreas
pancreatic acinar cells
Inactive pancreatic enzymes
zymogens
activated in the intestines
Protease digestive enzymes
trypsinogen
procarboxypeptidase
chomyotrypsinogen
Active pancreatic enzymes
amylase
lipase
nuclease
what pancreatic enzyme breaks down starch and lipases?
amylase
