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sonography > liver, gallbladder, pancreas > Flashcards

liver, gallbladder, pancreas Flashcards

0
Q

Fluid accumulation caused by a rupture of a pancreatic pseudocyst into the abdomen; free floating panc enzymes are very dangerous to surrounding structures

A

Pancreatic ascites

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1
Q

Hereditary disease that causes excessive production of thick mucus

A

Cystic fibrosis

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2
Q

Enlargement of gallbladder

A

Hydrops

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3
Q

Abnormal increase in WBCs caused by infection

A

Leukocytosis

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4
Q

“Sterile abcess” or collection of panc enzymes that collect in the abdomen, usually in or near pancreas

A

Pancreatic pseudocyst

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5
Q

Space or cavity that is filled with fluid, but doesn’t have a true endothelial lining

A

Pseudocyst

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6
Q

Enzyme secreted by pancreas to aid in digestion of carbohydrates

A

Amylase

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7
Q

Hormone that cause glycogen formation from glucose in the liver and allows circulating glucose to enter tissue cells

A

Insulin

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8
Q

Pancreatic function that involves digestion

A

Exocrine

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9
Q

Pancreatic function involving hormone insulin

A

Endocrine

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10
Q

Serves as posterior border to body of pancreas

A

Splenic vein

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11
Q

Head of panc

A

Lies in c-loop; gastroduodenal artery anteriolateral border, and CBD is posteriolateral border

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12
Q

Forms right, sup border of body and head of panc. Gives rise to gastroduodenal art.

A

Splenic artery

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13
Q

Lies post. To neck or body of panc, and ant. To uncinate process

A

SMV

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14
Q

Small, curved tip of head of pancreas.

A

Uncinate process

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15
Q

Lies in epigastrium ant. To SMV and SMA, AO, and IVC.

A

Pancreas

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16
Q

Junction of splenic vein and main portal vein; post to body of panc.

A

Portal-splenic confluence

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17
Q

Tapered end of panc. That lies in left hypochondrium near hilus of spleen and upper pole of left kidney.

A

Tail of panc.

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18
Q

Positive sign implies exquisite tenderness over the area of the gallbladder upon palpitation

A

Murphy’s sign

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19
Q

Stones in bile duct

A

Choledocholithiasis

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20
Q

Small septum within GB, usually arising from post. Wall

A

Junctional fold

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21
Q

Cystic growth on CBD that may cause obstruction

A

Choledochal cyst

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22
Q

Inflammation of GB; may be acute or chronic

A

Cholecystitis

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23
Q

Small polyploid projections from GB wall

A

Adenomyomatosis

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24
Q

Inflammation of bile duct

A

Cholangitis

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25
Q

Calcification of GB wall

A

Porcelain GB

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26
Q

GB variant in which part of GB folds in on itself

A

Phrygian cap

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27
Q

Small part of the GB the lies near cystic duct where stones may collect

A

Hartmann’s cap

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28
Q

Connects the GB with the common hepatic duct

A

Cystic duct

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29
Q

Small opening in duodenum in which panc duct and CBD enter to release secretions

A

Ampulla of vater

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30
Q

Extends from point where common hepatic duct meets cystic duct; drains into duodenum after it joins with main panc duct

A

CBD

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31
Q

Develops when normal venous channels become obstructed

A

Collateral circulation

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32
Q

Pus-forming collection of fluid

A

Pyogenic abcess

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33
Q

Affects hepatocytes and interferes with liver function

A

Diffuse hepatocellular disease

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34
Q

Most common form of neoplasm of liver; primary sites are colon, breast and lung

A

Metastatic disease

35
Q

Hypoecheoic mass with an echogenic central core

A

Bull’s eye lesion

36
Q

Classification of liver disease where main prob is blocked bile excretion within liver or biliary system

A

Obstructive disease

37
Q

Blood urea nitrogen; lab measurement of amount of nitrogenous waste and creatinine in blood

A

BUN

38
Q

Liver disease where hepatocytes are primary problem

A

Hepatocellular disease

39
Q

Enzyme of liver

A

Bile

40
Q

Asparate aminotransferase-enzyme of liver

A

Ast

41
Q

Alanine aminotransferase

A

ALT

42
Q

Yellow pigment in bile formed by breakdown of RBCs; excreted by liver and stored in gallbladder

A

Bilirubin

43
Q

Enters liver at porta hepatis

A

Pv and hepatic art

44
Q

Extends from umbilicus to diaphragm in sagital plane and contains ligamentum teres

A

Falciform ligament

45
Q

Boundary between right and left lobes of liver; seen as hyperechoic line on sagital image extending from PV to neck of GB

A

Main lobar fissure

46
Q

Lies in epigastrium and left hypochondrium

A

Left lobe of liver

47
Q

Area sup. to liver not covered by peritoneum

A

Bare area

48
Q

Separates left lobe from caudate lobe; shown as echogenic line in transverse and sagital images

A

Ligamentum venosum

49
Q

Smallest lobe of liver

A

Caudate lobe

50
Q

Congenital variant; sometimes seen as anterior projection of liver. May extend as far as iliac crest

A

Reidel’s lobe

51
Q

Liver is covered by a thin layer of connective tissue called

A

Glisson’s capsule

52
Q

The only type of sugar that can be used in the body as a form of energy is

A

Glucose

53
Q

The accompanying loss of oncotic pressure in the vascular system allows fluid to migrate into the interstitial space, resulting in _________ in dependent areas

A

Edema

54
Q

Within homogeneous parenchyma lie the thin walled ______________, the brightly reflective _______________, the _______________ arteries! and the _____________ duct.

A

Hepatic veins
Portal veins
Hepatic
Hepatic

55
Q

Four criteria to assess when evaluating liver parenchyma

A
  1. Size
  2. Configuration
  3. Homogeneity
  4. Contour
56
Q

In focal sparing, the most common affected areas are ant. To the _________ or portal vein and the post. Portion of the _____________ of the liver.

A

Gallbladder

Liver

57
Q

List four of the eight sonographic findings for cirrhosis of the liver

A

Hepatomegaly in early stages
Liver volume decreases in rt lobe and inc. in lt and caudate lobe
Increased echogenicity
Decreased vascularity

58
Q

Benign, congenital tumor consisting of large, blood-filled cystic spaces

A

Cavernous hemangioma

59
Q

Bile is principal medium of secretion of bilirubin and

A

Cholesterol

60
Q

Sonographically, the common duct lies ________ and to the _______ of the portal vein in the region of the porta hepatis and gastrohepatic ligament

A

Anterior

Right

61
Q

The hepatic artery lies _________ and to the ________ of the portal vein

A

Anterior

Middle (medial??)

62
Q

On a transverse scan, the common duct, hepatic artery, and portal vein make up what’s called the

A

Mickey Mouse sign

63
Q

Normal wall thickness of GB

A

3 mm

64
Q

Hyperplastic change in GB wall

A

Andenomyomatosis

65
Q

Pancreas is more ________ and _______ than liver

A

Isoechoic and hyperechoic

66
Q

Major post. Landmarks of panc are the

A

AO and IVC

67
Q

Superior border of panc is the tortuous

A

Splenic artery

68
Q

Receives tributaries from lobules and enters medial second part of duodenum with CBD at ampulla of vater

A

Duct of virusung

69
Q

Pancreas is both an _________ and __________ gland

A

Endocrine

Exocrine

70
Q

Failure of pancreas to furnish sufficient insulin leads to

A

Diabetes

71
Q

Pancreas cells that perform exocrine function

A

Acini

72
Q

There are specific enzymes of the panc. That may become altered in pancreatic disease, namely

A

Amylase and lipase

73
Q

Controls blood sugar levels in body

A

Glucose

74
Q

An acute attack of pancreatitis is commonly related to

A

Alcoholism or biliary tract disease

75
Q

Normal common bile duct measues

A

6mm

76
Q

Right and left hepatic ducts merge to form

A

Common hepatic duct

77
Q

Hepatic duct joins the cystic duct to form the

A

Common bile duct

78
Q

Majority of pancreas lies in

A

Retroperitoneum

79
Q

Pancreas found behind

A

Lesser

Omental sac

80
Q

What passes through a groove posterior to the pancreatic head

A

Common bile duct

81
Q

Symp:history of alcoholsism, acute pancreatitis, decrease in hypotension and hematocrit

A

Dx: hemorrhagic pancreatitis

82
Q

Painless jaundice, weight loss, decrease in apetite

A

Adenocarcinoma of pancreas

83
Q

Twice normal level of amylase indicates

A

Acute pancreatitis

84
Q

Most common in sheep herding countries

A

Eccinococcal cysts

85
Q

Budd-chiari syndrome caused by obstruction of

A

Hepatic veins

86
Q

Where does AO enter heart

A

Right atrium

sonography (3 decks)

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