Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SP16- Gen Path Exam 3 > Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Diseases > Flashcards

Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

The liver accounts for approximately _____% of total body weight.

A

2 to 3%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The liver contains a ______ and a ____ area with which three vessels?

A

central area

portal Triad: (largest to smallest)

  1. hepatic portal vein,
  2. common bile duct
  3. proper hepatic artery,
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the physiological functions of the liver?

A
  1. MAINTAIN metabolic homeostasis
  2. SYNTHESIZE serum proteins
  3. DETOXIFY xenobiotics and waste products
  4. act as a FUNCTIONAL RESERVE
  5. REGENERATE to mask hepatic injury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

True or False: 60-70% of the liver can be removed and the functional reserve capacity allows it to regenerate within 6 to 8 months.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the possible liver responses to injury (5 options)?

A
  1. Degeneration of hepatocytes/accumulation of toxic products
  2. Necrosis
  3. Inflammation (helps or impedes healing)
  4. Regeneration
  5. Fibrosis (loss of function over time)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Liver necrosis and inflammation involves many cells (apoptotic cells, eosinophils, etc), but the inflammation process is usually _____ -based.

A

T-cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

________is a slowly progressing disease in which healthy liver tissue is replaced with scar tissue, eventually preventing the liver from functioning properly

A

Cirrhosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A liver affected by cirrhosis will display ______ scar tissue (fibrosis) and an increased number of ________ hepatocytes.

A

DIFFUSE (not focal, the whole liver will show damage)

regeneration hepatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

True or False: Cirrhosis is among the top 10 causes of death in US adults.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cirrhosis is the ______ route of liver-related death.

A

primary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the five main causes of cirrhosis (from most to least common)?

A
  1. Alcohol abuse
  2. Viral Hepatitis (HepC in particular)
  3. Non-Alcohol Steatohepatitis (NASH=fat buildup)
  4. Biliary Disease
  5. Iron Overload

“(A)lcoholics (H)ave (N)asty (B)reath (I)ncluded” with cirrhosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of changes occur in the liver that will ultimately lead to loss of hepatic function?

A

Fibrosis (bridging septae) with parenchymal nodules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which type of staining can be used to evaluate cirrhosis histologically?

A

H&E

Trichrome (blue staining collagen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the symptoms associated with Cirrhosis?

A

Weight Loss
Liver Failure
Portal Hypertension (ASCITES, splenomegaly, collateral venous channels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cirrhosis can result from alcohol abuse due toxic damage or _______ _______. Other causes of cirrhosis include obesity, Diabetes M, and Medication.

A

nutritional deprivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Jaundice (aka: icterus) results from the presence of excess _____.

A

bilirubin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the normal amount of bilirubin? What is seen in the case of jaundice?

A

Normal: 1.1 - 1.2 mg/dL

greater than 2.0mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Unconjugated bilirubin is _____ and ______. Conjugated bilirubin is ______ and _______.

A 
Un = insoluble and toxic
Con =  soluble and nontoxic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Other than the overproduction of bilirubin, how can excess accumulation occur?

A

reduced hepatocyte uptake and obstruction of bile flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the #1 cause of Jaundice?

A

HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is hepatitis?

A

hepatocyte injury that is associated with inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

True or False: There is a similar pattern of liver injury from hepatitis regardless of the causative agent

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the causative agents of hepatitis?

A

viruses
autoimmune
drugs
toxic agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hepatitis A is a ______ virus that is spread via _______ transmission.

A

RNA

fecal-oral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Is there a chronic disease or carrier state with Hep A?
No
26
What is the incubation period for Hep A?
2-6 weeks
27
Hepatitis B is a ______ virus that is spread via ______ transmission
DNA | parenteral or sexual
28
What is the incubation period for Hep B?
4-26 weeks
29
Hep B infections will remain in the blood. How effective are Hep B vaccines?
95% protective antibody response
30
Is there a chronic disease state with Hep B?
YES, chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, or carrier-state
31
What percentage of Hep B infections are subclinical and lead to recovery?
60-65%
32
Hepatitis C is a _____ virus that is spread via ______ transmission.
RNA | parenteral or sexual
33
What is the incubation period for Hep C?
7-8 weeks (acute phase is asymptomatic)
34
Is there a chronic disease state of Hep C??
YES! the majority progress | chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, or carrier-state
35
What are the "hallmark features" of HepC (occurs 85% of the time)?
Persistent infection + chronic hepatitis
36
Is there an effective Hep C vaccine?
NO! Hep C is too genomically unstable (variable)
37
Both Hep B and Hep C infections pose a high risk for _______ ________.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
38
Is there treatment for Hep C?
Previously: interferon and ribaviron (only moderate response) Now: PROTEASE and NUCLEOSIDE INHIBITORS (Harvoni is a combination of the two that is curative in most patients)
39
How long of a drug course is Harvoni? What are the side effects and down-sides to its use?
8-24 weeks Side effects: fatigue and headache Expensive: $100,000-$150,000
40
How quickly does Acute Viral Hepatitis resolve?
~8 weeks
41
What are the symptoms of Acute Viral Hepatitis?
``` Sometimes none (serologic only) Possible Symptoms: -anorexia -fatigue -joint aches -jaundice ```
42
What is the histological sign for acute viral hepatits?
PanLobular Disarray Inflammation Hepatocyte necrosis
43
True or False: Acute Viral Hepatitis can transition into a chronic state (Hep B or Hep C)
True
44
Chronic Hepatitis is defined as abnormal liver function for more than ______.
6 weeks
45
What are the three main features of Alcohol Liver Disease?
1. Hepatic Steatosis (Fatty Change) 2. Cirrhosis 3. Alcoholic Hepatitis
46
_____% of chronic liver disease is associated with alcohol overconsumption.
60
47
_____% of deaths associated with alcohol liver disease are due to cirrhosis.
40-50
48
Hemochromatosis is a genetic disorder in which the body loads too much _____.
iron
49
Excess iron will usually accumulate in the _____, _____, and _____.
liver pancreas heart
50
Hemochromatosis is a _________ genetic disorder or can be caused by secondary overload due to ______.
autosomal recessive (HFE gene mutation) excessive iron intake (supplement use)
51
Hemochromatosis puts a patient at increased risk for many diseases (DM, cancers, arthritis, heart attack, etc). How is the disease treated?
1. Phlebotomy (blood removal) 2. Dialysis 3. Iron Chelation Therapy (with EDTA-like molecules)
52
What are the features (pathogenesis) of Hemochromatosis?
Micronodular Cirrhosis hepatosplenomegaly Skin Pigmentation Diabetes
53
What is Wilson's Disease?
an autosomal rescessive disease that results in | COPPER accumulation in the liver, brain and eyes
54
What type of chelation therapy is used for Wilson's Disease?
D-Penicillamine
55
In what forms do Hepatic Tumors present?
- cysts - bile ducts - hemangiomas - hepatocyte
56
True or False: Hepatic Tumors will commonly result due to metastasis.
True, the liver has a rich blood supply and is an important filter for many organs (common: colon, lung, breast)
57
What is a Cholangiocarcinoma?
a carcinoma that arises in the bile ducts inside/outside of the liver - very aggressive - asymptomatic until late stage detection
58
Hepatocellular adenoma is a _____ tumor that is associated with the use of _________.
benign | oral contraceptives
59
How does hepatocellular adenoma present clinically and histologically?
``` CLINCAL: Acute abdomen (pain, nausea) intra-abdominal bleed ``` HISTOLOGY: bland hepatocytes no bile ducts
60
Hepatocellular _______ is the third leading cause of cancer deaths in Western countries.
carcinoma
61
Is hepatocellular carcinoma more common in men or women?
H. Carcinoma is more common in men (3:1)
62
In 90% of Hepatocellular Carcinoma cases, ______ is the precursor. Hep B and Hep C could also lead to this form of carcinoma.
Cirrhosis
63
True or False: There is a low chance for vascular invasion with Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
False, strong propensity for invasion
64
How is Fibrolamellar Carcinoma distinguishable from Hepatocellular Carcinoma?
Fibrolamellar = YOUNGER patients (20-40s), no known risk factors, "Scirrhous tumors" with collagen surrounding them
65
What is the treatment and prognosis for Hepatocellular vs Fibrolamellar Carcinomas?
HCC: Tx = resection if focal, or liver transplant Prognosis = grim, new foci may develop FLC: Tx = surgery Prognosis = better, 32% 5 yr survival
66
Which are more common: metastatic or primary tumors?
Metastatic
67
60-70% of gallbladders will share a common orifice with the ______.
pancreatic duct
68
What is Cholelithiasis? How common is it?
gallstones | common: 10-20% of adults
69
True or False: Most gallstones are silent.
True, 80% are silent
70
What two types of stones are present in the gallbladder?
cholesterol stones: 80% | Pigment stones: 20%
71
Radiographically, cholesterol stones are mostly _____ and pigmented stones (ex. bilirubin) are ________
radiolucent | radiopaque
72
What are the risk factors for Cholesterol Gallstones?
Higher prevalence in: - caucasians - females - later age - estrogen use
73
What are the risk factors for Pigmented Gallstones?
- hemolysis (hemolytic anemia) - GI disorders - biliary infection
74
Cholecystitis (inflammation of the gall bladder) is more common in _______. There is an acute and chronic form.
women age 40-60
75
What are the symptoms of acute cholecystitis?
Severe upper right quadrant pain | chemical, bacterial, reflux-ischemia
76
What are the symptoms of chronic cholecystitis?
symptoms are vague 90% formation of stones fibrosis + inflammation
77
What is the five year survival rate for adenocarcinomas of the gallbladder?
5%
78
How common are carcinomas of the gallbladder?
5th most common among GI malignancies
79
Gallbladder adenocarcinoma is most common in _______ and _______ with a peak age of ______.
whites females 70 years
80
Histologically, gallbladder cancer appears as _______ that replace normal crypts.
burrowing, thread-like growths
81
The pancreas has both _____ and ______ functions.
exocrine | endocrine
82
Endocrine Cells (Islets) account for ____ % of the pancreas; whereas, the exocrine cells (acini and ducts) account for the remainder.
1 to 2%
83
What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?
regulates glucose homeostasis via insulin and glucagon
84
What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?
food digestion via release of amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and lipase "Lets T.A.L.C about the enzymes of the pancreas"
85
80% of Acute Pancreatitis cases involve which three conditions?
1. cholelithiasis 2. biliary tract disease (many gallbladders share orifice) 3. alcoholism
86
What are the potential causes of acute pancreatitis?
``` gallstones biliary tract disease alcoholism trauma drugs septisemia/infection hypercalcemic states (metabolic) idiopathic (genetics?) ```
87
Acute pancreatitis causes a release of ____ and inflammation proteolysis. There is also fat necrosis and ____ necrosis with hemorrhage.
lipases | vessel
88
True or False: there is an elevation in enzymes with acute pancreatitis.
True, amylase and lipase
89
What are possible complications of acute pancreatitis?
organ failure abscess 8% mortality
90
Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive destruction with early loss of the ______functioning and later loss of the ______ functioning.
(1st) EXOcrine | (2nd) ENDOcrine
91
What is the morphological presentation of chronic pancreatitis?
- reduction in acini - chronic inflammation - fibrosis - obstruction of ducts - spare islets
92
Behind Lung, Colon, and Breast Cancer, ______ Tumors are the 4th leading cause of cancer death in the USA.
Pancreatic Exocrine Tumors | due to late stage detection
93
Most pancreatic carcinoma patients will die within _____ of detection.
6 months
94
______ doubles pancreatic cancer risk.
smoking
95
Which diseases will also increase risk of pancreatic carcinoma?
diabetes mellitus | chronic pancreatitis
96
When is the peak age for pancreatic carcinoma?
6th-7th decade (silent growth)
97
Describe the structure of the pancreatic carcinoma.
ill-defined gritty gray-white hard
98
Cancers at the head of the pancreas will obstruct the ______ and cause jaundice. Cancers at the body or tail region will be clinically _____.
common bile duct silent (and large at the time of diagnosis)

SP16- Gen Path Exam 3 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions