Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SP16- Gen Path Exam 3 > Female- Gynecologic and Breast Disease > Flashcards

Female- Gynecologic and Breast Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 parts of the gynecologic system?

A
  1. fallopian tubes
  2. uterus
  3. ovaries
  4. cervix
  5. vagina
  6. labium minus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Most disorders of the vulva and vagina are ________ and associated with discomfort. Serious malignancies or complications are _______.

A

inflammatory

uncommon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

______ is inflammation of the external female genitalia caused by contact irritation, allergic reaction, infection, or trauma.

A

Vulvitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

______ is inflammation of the vaginal canal and results in production of vaginal discharge. Vaginal discharge is also known as _______.

A

Vaginitis

leukorrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Vaginitis can be due to a variety of _____, _____, or ______ organisms.

A

bacterial, fungal, parasitic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

True or False: Diabetes can predispose a woman to vaginitis.

A

True,

systemic antibiotic therapy can also predispose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What type of epithelium lines a normal cervix?

A

Non-keratinized squamous epithelium

appearance of white patches at the surface = bad news

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The _____ acts as a barrier to the ingress of vaginal microflora into the uterus.

A

cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What else does the cervix do (other than act as a barrier)?

A
  1. allows escape of menstrual flow

2. dilates for accommodation of childbirth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Diseases of the cervix are either ______ or ______.

A

Inflammatory (cervicitis)

Neoplastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is cervicitis?

A

cervical inflammation that can result in purulent vaginal discharge

  • could represent a specific infection (STD)
  • could represent a non-specific infection
  • could require a biopsy to rule out cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which cervical tumor has historically been a major cause of cancer deaths in women?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

True or False: The incidence of Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma has increased over the last 50 years, just like Gonorrhea infections.

A

False, Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma has PLUMMETED over the last 50 years. However, gonorrhea has indeed increased recently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why has the incidence of cervical cancers decreased in the last 50 years?

A

thanks to the Papanicolaou (pap) Smear (introduced in 1940)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

There are millions of cases of CIN diagnosed annually. What does CIN stand for?

A

Cervical Interepithelial Neoplasia

-nearly all cases of squamous cell carcinoma arise from these precursor epithelial changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The Pap smear is a ______ test that detects precancerous cells through examination of exfoliated cells collected from the ______.

A

screening

cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

It is often considered standard of care to co-screen for ______ during a pap smear.

A

high-risk HPV subtypes

remember which types cause venereal warts? 6 &11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a colposcopy?

A

procedure that allows for direct examination of the cervix through illumination and magnification

  • acetic acid is applied
  • abnormalities appear as white patches upon acid exp.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cervival Interepithelial Neoplasia is commonly the precursor to SCC. What is the peak age for CIN?

A

30 years

*Not all CIN progress to SCC. If they do progress, it’s often 15 years later (45 years old)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the three levels of CIN?

A

(degree of epithelial dysplasia seen microscopically)

CIN I: Mild Dysplasia
CIN II: Moderate Dysplasia
CIN III: Carcinoma in situ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cervical neoplasia is highly related to which STD?

A

HPV

  • transmitted via direct contact
  • High Risk Types (16/18) associated with cancer
  • Low Risk Types (6/11) associated with condyloma (warts)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which are the high risk types of HPV?

A

16 and 18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the four risk factors that put a woman at higher risk for HPV?

A
  1. Early age of first intercourse
  2. Multiple sexual partners
  3. male partner with multiple previous sexual partners
  4. prolonged infection with high-risk HPV (16 and 18!!)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

True or False: Many women harbor HPV but only a minority develop cancer

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the treatment for Squamous cell carcinoma/CIN?
- laser vaporization or excisional biopsy | - surgery +/- radiation and chemotherapy (invasive forms)
26
The five year survival rate for early (stage 0) cervical squamous cell carcinoma is ______, but for late (stage 4) the rate is _______.
100% | 10%
27
True or False: HPV vaccines have been safe and effective in preventing HPV infection.
True
28
What are the three common HPV vaccines in use today?
``` Gardasil Cervarix Gardisil 9 (covers about 92% of high risk types!) ```
29
The _____ _______ is the location of the majority of female reproductive tract diseases (often chronic and recurrent)
Uterine Corpus | body of the uterus
30
The body of the uterus is made up of what two layers?
1. Myometrium | 2. Endometrium
31
The myometrium is made up of interlacing bundles of ______.
smooth muscle
32
The endometrium is the _______ lining of the uterus and will change under _______ influence.
glandular | hormonal
33
Most endometrial diseases will present with abnormal uterine _______.
bleeding
34
What are three types of abnormal uterine (menstrual) bleeding?
1. Menorrhagia: abnormally heavy 2. Metrorrhagia: bleeding between cycles 3. Dysmenorrhea: unusually painful
35
The "functional endometrium" is made up of ____ and _____.
glands and stroma
36
True or False: The functional endometrium involved with endometriosis is located within the uterus.
False: functional endometrium --> OUTSIDE the uterus =continues to function as it would if it were in the correct place (sloughs, bleeds, etc) but the blood has no way to exit
37
True or False: Endometriosis primarily affects women of reproductive years.
False: only 10% of this age group, mostly it affects women with infertility (50%)
38
What are the effects of endometriosis (remember, this is the movement of functional endometrium from inside to outside of the uterus)?
Intrapelvic bleeding and organization of blood leads to widespread FIBROSIS and periuterine ADHESIONS (weird tissue causes organs to stick together) = extreme dysmenorrhea and pelvic pain
39
Large blood filled cysts, associated with endometriosis, will transform into ________ cysts as blood ages.
"chocolate"
40
______ ______= overgrowth of endometrium
endometrial hyperplasia
41
What causes endometrial hyperplasia?
excess exposure to estrogen (endogenous or exogenous)
42
Stages of endometrial hyperplasia are mild, moderate, and _____.
atypical hyperplasia
43
True or False: Endometrial hyperplasia has the potential to develop into squamous cell carcinoma.
False, sorry that was tricky. HAHA I'm not laughing at you...I'm telling you that (H)yperplasia --> (A)denocarcinoma
44
Endometrial hyperplasia (and adenomas) have a high concentration of what type of tissue?
glandular
45
True or False: Uterine tumors arise only from the endometrium.
False, may arise from the myometrium or endometrium
46
What are the three most common uterine tumors?
1. endometrial polyps 2. smooth muscle tumors (fibroids) 3. carcinomas
47
What is the most common benign tumor in females?
fibroids (leiomyoma) - tumor of myometrial smooth muscle origin - occurs in 30 to 50% of women of reproductive age - growth stimulated by estrogen - could be asymptomatic or cause menorrhagia
48
What is the most common female genital tract cancer in the US?
Endometrial Carcinoma
49
When is endometrial carcinoma typically diagnosed?
between 55 and 65 years old (after menopause)
50
_______ is the most common type of endometrial carcinoma and is associated with excess estrogen or endometrial hyperplasia.
endometrioid | not to be confused with fibroids which is benign
51
The prognosis of endometrial carcinoma is _____% 5-year survival for stage I and ______% 5-year survival for stages III and IV.
90 | 20
52
True or False: Non-neoplastic cysts of the ovaries are common but are not generally a serious problem.
True
53
Of the ovarian disorders, ________ represents the most significant disease.
neoplasia
54
What is polycystic ovarian disease?
- common hormonal disorder (5-10% reproductive age) - causes multiple cystic follicles to form along the walls of the ovaries - follicles produce excess ANDROGENS and ESTROGENS
55
What are the common clinical signs of Polycystic Ovary Disease?
``` oligomenorrhea (irregular menstruation) hirsutism (excess hair) acne fertility problems obesity increased risk for type II diabetes/hypertension ```
56
Are malignant ovarian tumors more likely to develop from Surface epithelial cells, stromal cells, or germ cells?
surface epithelial (90%)
57
Ovarian carcinoma is the _____ leading cause of cancer deaths in women.
5th
58
True or False: Nulliparity (not bearing offspring) is a risk factor for ovarian carcinoma.
TRUE
59
Ovarian carcinomas are related to family history 5-10% of the time. The mutation occurs in which gene?
BRCA genes (BRCA1/BRCA2)
60
If ovarian carcinoma spreads outside of the ovary, the 10-year survival rate is less than _____%.
15% | dangerous because most are asymptomatic until large
61
What is a teratoma?
a tumor of all three germ layers | ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
62
Malignant cystic teratomas are rare. _____% are benign and often found on pelvic examination.
90
63
Benign cystic teratomas are also called ______ _____. Why are these bizarre?
dermoid cysts -they often contain mature elements that shouldn't be there like teeth, hair, skin, bones, cartilage, respiratory epithelium, etc.
64
Palpable nodules/masses of the breast tissue are extremely common. How often are these nodules cancerous?
10% are cancer
65
Breast nodules are commonly the result of ______ change that arises during the reproductive years due to exaggeration and distortion of normal cyclic breast changes.
fibrocystic
66
_______ is the most common BENIGN neoplasma of breast tissue and accounts for 7% of breast lumps.
fibroadenoma
67
When is the peak prevalence of fibroadenoma?
3rd decade
68
What does a fibroadenoma feel like, clinically? How does it look microscopically?
clinically: freely movable, 1-10cm nodule, solitary biopsy: proliferation of stromal (fibro) and glandular (adenoma) tissue
69
Breast carcinoma (10% of lumps) will arise from _____ elements of the breast.
glandular | there are lobular and ductal forms
70
What is the lifetime risk of breast cancer?
1 in 8
71
Breast cancer is the _____ leading cause of cancer death in women.
2nd | lung is number one
72
When do the majority (75%) of breast cancers occur?
after age 50
73
What are three important risk factors for breast carcinoma?
1. genetics (BRCA1/BRCA2) 2. hormones (prolonged estrogen use) 3. environmental (radiation, diet, nursing)
74
True or False: Breast carcinoma presents clinically as a discrete, tender mass.
False: non-tender
75
What does "peau d'orange" have to do with breast cancer?
"surface of an orange" appearance of surface epithelium that occurs due to thickened skin overlying the cancer
76
True or False: A mammogram is diagnostic for breast cancer.
False, need a biopsy! | Mammograms are great but they don't show conclusive evidence of cancer (they detect calcification of soft tissue)
77
Breast carcinoma can be _____ or _____. Both types have a pre-invasive stage.
ductal | lobular
78
What does DCIS and LCIS stand for?
DCIS: ductal carcinoma in-situ LCIS: lobular carcinoma in-situ **note: at this stage, the cancer is still has defined borders; when the cancer becomes invasive, the borders are no longer well-circumscribed**
79
______ is an anti-estrogen therapy drug used to treat breast cancer.
tamoxifen
80
What is the overall 10-year survival rate for breast carcinoma?
50% *metastases may occur many years after apparent control of primary lesion*

SP16- Gen Path Exam 3 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions