Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SP16- Gen Path Exam 3 > CNS Infections > Flashcards

CNS Infections Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: Benign tumors can be as destructive as malignant tumors.

A

True, if it’s in a bad place…like the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the four routes of entry for CNS infections?

A
  1. Hematogenous
  2. Direct Implantation (blunt force trauma)
  3. Peripheral Nerves (rabies)
  4. Local extension of infections (dental, ear, sinus)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which route of CNS infectious spread is most common?

A

hematogenous dissemination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are three common brain infections?

A
  • acute bacterial meningitis
  • cerebral abscess
  • encephalitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Acute bacterial meningitis is an infection that results in inflammation of the _______ and _______.

A

leptomeninges (arachnoid & pia mater) and subarachnoid space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What causes Acute purulent meningitis?

A

pyogenic bacteria

“PP: purulent = pyogenic”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What causes Leptomeningitis?

A
  • viruses
  • pyogenic bacteria
  • mycobacteria and fungi
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the risk factors for acute bacterial meningitis?

A

age extremes
debilitated state
poor hygiene
crowded living conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the common symptoms presented by acute bacterial meningitis?

A

fever
headache
stiff neck
photophobia (sensitive to light)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

True or False: Acute bacterial meningitis causes a thick layer of purulent exudate to coat the cerebral hemispheres within the ventricles.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

True or False: It is difficult for antibiotics to reach the bacteria within the meninges.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Brain abscesses (focal suppurative infections) are usually caused by ______.

A

bacteria (strep, staph, S.milleri)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Brain abscesses will spread either ______ or ______.

A 
hematogenously
contiguously (adjacent areas =50% i.e. dental root or ear infection)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

True or False: Abscesses usually occur in clusters.

A

False, usually its solitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of brain abscess?

A

fever

focal neurologic deficits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

________ is the result of a disseminated mycobacterial disease.

A

Tuberculous meningitis (chronic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

______ weeks of headache, lethargy, nausea and vomiting would indicate a possible Tuberculous meningitis infection.

A

more than 2-3 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What type of stain would reveal mycobacterium?

A

acid fast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cryptococcal meningitis is caused by ______ found in _____.

A

spherical budding yeast
soil

(“crypt = the dead are buried in the dirt and soil”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is encephalitis?

A

diffuse inflammation of brain parenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the most common cause of encephalitis?

A

herpesvirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

True or False: Herpesvirus shows Cowdry type A inclusions on staining.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are three common microscopic features of encephalitis?

A
  1. perivascular lymphocytosis
  2. microglial nodules (hive of activity)
  3. neuronophagia (attack on neuron)
24
Q

Myelin is derived from _________.

A

oligodendroglial cytoplasmic processes

25
Q

What is the purpose of myelin?

A

INSULATION

CONDUCTION

26
Q

What is the most common primary demyelinating disorder? What age group is this most common?

A

multiple sclerosis

young

27
Q

True or False: MS is likely autoimmune in origin.

A

True (T-cell mediated)

possible genetic component contains HLA gene

28
Q

Neurodegenerative disease can be ______ or _____.

A

sporadic

familial

29
Q

What are the three common neurodegenerative diseases? Where does the degeneration occur (in general)?

A

Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s

brain and spinal cord

30
Q

What is the most common cause of dementia?

A

Alzheimer’s

31
Q

What is the gross-effect of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

atrophy of the brain (decrease in mass and size)

  • from the inside = ventricular dilation
  • from the outside = atrophy
32
Q

What are two microscopic signs of Alzheimer’s Disease that help to distinguish it from general dementia?

A
  1. Neuritic Plaques (aggregation of processes with amyloid)

2. Neurofibrillary Tangles (filamentous aggregates within neuron cytoplasm)

33
Q

Is there a cure for Alzheimer’s disease?

A

No,

cholinesterase inhibitors are used for management of symptoms

34
Q

Parkinson’s Disease causes degeneration of _______-secreting pigmented neurons of the ________ in the midbrain

A

dopamine

substantia nigra

35
Q

True or False: Parkinson’s typically presents in the 4th decade.

A

False, the 6th decade (50s)

36
Q

What are the microscopic indications of Parkinson’s disease?

A

eosinophilic inclusions known as LEWY BODIES within the pigmented neurons of the substantia nigra

37
Q

True or False: Huntington’s Disease is a commonly occurring disease of the elderly.

A

FALSE, very rare…period…and patients don’t typically live past age 20

38
Q

_______ is the spontaneous, involuntary, dance-like movement associated with Huntington’s Disease.

A

Chorea

39
Q

The Huntingtin Gene is located on chromosome _____ and is transmitted via _____ ______ inheritance.

A

4

autosomal dominant

40
Q

Where does atrophy occur in Huntington’s Disease?

A

severe neuronal loss occurs in the basal ganglia (caudate + putamen + globus pallidus)

41
Q

Most brain tumors present with clinical manifestations such as headache/seizure according to their _______ rather than their ________.

A

site of origin
pathologic type

(location»»type)

42
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary brain tumors?

A

Primary: arise from cells of the brain, spinal cord, or their coverings (sheaths, matas, etc)

Secondary: arise from metastasis from another site (lung, breast, prostate, etc.)

43
Q

True or False: Brain tumors rapidly metastasize outside the CNS.

A

FALSE FALSE FALSE!!!!

44
Q

In brain tumors, histologic ______ corresponds to tumor aggressiveness.

A

GRADE

usually tumors are based on stage, but the brain is different

45
Q

Most ADULT Brain tumors could alternatively be called _______. What are the three types? What is the fourth type of adult brain tumor that does not fall into this label?

A

Gliomas (tumors of glial cells)

  1. Astrocytoma (cerebral hemisphere)
  2. Oligodendroglioma (cerebral hemisphere)
  3. Ependymoma (ventricular wall)
  4. Meningioma (arachnoid matter)
46
Q

Which type of adult brain tumor is most common? Where do they typically occur?

A

astrocytoma

cerebral hemisphere

47
Q

High grade tumors are more _______.

A

anaplastic

48
Q

Which adult brain tumor appears histologically like a fried egg?

A

Oligodendroglioma

“DEN HEN….hens lay eggs”

49
Q

Ependymoma (least common adult brain tumor) is a well circumscribed lesion that arises from _______ and is most often ______-growing.

A

the ventricular wall

slow

50
Q

In what formation are ependymoma cells often seen on histologic evaluation?

A

Perivascular Pseudorosettes

51
Q

What are the two microscopic characteristics that are specific to menangioma?

A
  1. Cellular Whorls

2. Psammoma Bodies (calcified, lamellar-looking)

52
Q

True or False: The brain is a common site for metastatic lesions.

A

True

53
Q

What are the two types of pediatric brain tumors?

A
  1. Pilocytic Astrocytoma

2. Medulloblastoma

54
Q

Of the two pediatric brain tumors, which tends to be low-grade and which is typically high-grade?

A

Low: Pilocytic Astrocytoma (pi-LOW-cytic)
High: Medulloblastoma

55
Q

Pilocytic Astrocytoma will often be low grade tumors with thin, hair-like processes known as ________. Medulloblastoma will usually be high grade tumors with __________.

A

Pilocytic Astro. = Rosenthal Fibers

Medulloblastoma = Homer-Wright Rosettes

56
Q

Brain tumors are typically ________, eliminated with ______ treatment, or chemotherapy.

A 
surgically excised (common)
radiation (proton beam radiation)
57
Q

Which type of tumors react best to chemotherapy?

A

UNdifferentiated
(the ones that are random and out of control; rather than those that are encapsulated/organized and plotting to take over the whole brain)

SP16- Gen Path Exam 3 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions