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Block 4: Endocrinology > liver gall bladder pancreas history > Flashcards

liver gall bladder pancreas history Flashcards

1
Q

what are some compounds the liver makes

A
  • albumin
  • prothrombin
  • fibrinogen
  • lipoproteins
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2
Q

what hormone does the liver make?

A

insulin like growth factor

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3
Q

is the connective tissue of liver visible in humans?

A

not really, CT is very thin; the only time it would be visible is during pathology –> especially fibrosis

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4
Q

sinusoid

A
  • discontinuous capillary in liver (also in spleen and bone marrow)
  • huge openings to pass material
  • have fenestrae but are not fenestrated because no continuous basal lamina
  • supported by reticular fibers
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5
Q

hepatocytes

A
  • liver cells surrounded by sinusoids
  • long lived
  • can regenerate!
  • supported by reticular fibers
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6
Q

SER of liver

A
  • has enzymes that are important for carb metabolism
  • also for detoxification of barbituates, steroids, alcohol
  • role in synthesis of lipproteins, cholesterol, bile salts and VLDL
  • site of the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)
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7
Q

role of RER in liver

A
  • make plasma protiens
  • make albumin, lipoproteins (VLDL and LDL)
  • makes glycoproteins = transferrin, prothrombin, fibrinogen, non-immune globulins
  • alpha 2 globulin = angiotensinogen
  • ADH pathway
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8
Q

albumin

A
  • contributes to colloid osmotic pressure of plasma
  • transports FA, thyroid hormones, steroid hormones, substances not soluble in plasma
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9
Q

fxn golgi

A
  • glycosylation of secretory proteins
  • sorting of lysosomal enzymes
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10
Q

space of disse

A

separates the hepatocyte plates (“plates of cells” from the blood sinusoidal space)

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11
Q

what does a decrease of liver albumin (during liver disease) cause?

A

because albumin contributes to the maintenance of plasma oncotic pressure (“colloid osmotic”), a decr in albumin during liver failure would cause edema and ascitis

(there are not enough proteins in the blood so water flows into interstitial space )

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12
Q

how can you distinguish SER in liver?

A
  • the SER in liver is notable for clusters of glycogen molecules (PAS stain!) which represents the glucose reserve for maintenance of blood sugar
    • [note that glycogen is also stored in muscle]
  • SER also involved in detox
    • ​enzymes that detoxify drugs are in mem of SER
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13
Q

Identify

A

Gilsson’s capsule

trichrome stain shows the CT capsule

note that some CT goes through liver parenchyma

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14
Q

portal lobule

A

describes bile flow

“triangle” that describes the part that secretes bile that drains into the protal triad

  • central vein at corner
  • portal triad at center
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15
Q

hepatic acinus (portal acinus)

A

smallest fxnal unit in parenchyma of liver

end of long axis is central vein

end of short axis is portal triad

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16
Q

what types of collagen is contained in space of disse

A

I, III and IV

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17
Q

Kupffer cell

A

macrophage of liver

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18
Q

where does side chain cleavage for steroid hormone synthesis take place?

A

mitochondria

.

cholesterol–>pregnenolone via cholesterol desmolase

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19
Q

how does rer stain

A

basophilic

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20
Q

where are the enzymes involved in making steroid hormones, and those synthesizing and breaking down glycogen found ?

A

smooth endoplasmic retigulum

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21
Q

Identify

A

Lysosome

  • hydrolyic enzymes formed in RER and are found here
  • enzymes have termianl mannose-6-phosphate group that marks the m to be packaged in lysosomes
  • primary lysosomes are homogenous with electron dense contents
  • has a proton pump to maintain acidic interior

block 4 specific info: lysosomes release the enzyme that is responsible for break down of bone during remodeling (by osteoclasts)

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22
Q

Identify

A

Peroxisome

  • site of beta oxidation of LCFA (in addition to mitochondria)
  • degrade hydrogen peroxide, a product of oxidative rxns
  • Generate H2O2 = oxidase
  • Break down H2O2 = catalase
  • Synthesize cholesterol, plaminogens
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23
Q

What is outlined in red?

A

SER

site of synthesis and breakdown as needed of glycogen

note that the red arrow is pointing to glycogen shown as cluster of indv particles

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24
Q

catalase

A

enzyme found in peroxisomes that breaks down H2O2 into oxygen and water

this is breaking downt the hydrogen peroxide that was generated by oxidases in the peroxisome

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25
Q

oxidase

A

enzyme found in peroxisome that produces H2O2

(this H2O2 is then broken down by catalase)

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26
Q

what important feature does the bile canaliculus have and why

A

tight juncitons to prevent bile from going anywhere its not suppposed to be

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27
Q

hemosiderin

A

insoluble

metabolism and storage of iron

composed of some ferritin breakdown stuff?

stored in lysosomes in hepatocytes

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28
Q

Identify

A

Peroxisome

  • catalase –> break down H2O2
  • oxidase –> produce H2O2
  • Beta oxidation of LCFA
29
Q
A
30
Q

what is another way you can know you are looking at a peroxisome

A

has a line in the center of the cell; looks like a singular band

31
Q

where is acetaldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme located?

A

mitochondria

32
Q

glucuronyl transferase

A

attaches glucuronic acid to free bilirubin, which creates conjugagetd bilirubin; makes the bilirubin more water soluble

error/deficiency of enzyme –> elevated unconjugated bilirubin –> mild hyperbilirubinemia, “Gilbert’s Syndrome”

defect in UDP glucuronyl transferase system –> severe elevated unconjugated bilirubin –> bilirubin encephalopathy –> Crigler-Najjar disease

33
Q

ectoenzyme

A

enzyme associated with the plasma membrane

34
Q

name the four bile acids

A
  • cholic acid
  • chenodeoxycholic acid
  • deoxycholic acid
  • lithocholic acid
35
Q

Is bilirubin absorbed in the intestine?

A

No, it is reduced by bacteria to urobilinogen, which is partially secreted in feces and partially returned to liver

36
Q

space of disse contents

A

perisinusoidal space contains microvilli of hepatocyte, Ito cells (Stellate cells)

37
Q

What happens to the cell at the tip of the red arrow in disease states?

A

Ito cell/stellate cell sitting in the space of disse

  • during disease states differentiates into a myofibroblasts
    • ​causes the fibroblast to make ECM fibers
      • liver fibrosis
  • store vit A and are normally quiescent
38
Q

Identify 1

A

microvillus brushboarder

39
Q

Identify 2

A

sinusoid lumen

40
Q

Identify 3

A

RBC in sinusoid lumen

41
Q

Identify 4

A

Space of Dissa

42
Q

what cells secrete lysozyme?

A

paneth cell

does this to increase the permeability of the bacteria cell membrane

(also secrete TNF alpha - produced in response to infectious agent and tissue injry- as well as Defensins)

43
Q

lysosyme

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the destruction of the cell walls of certain bacteria

44
Q

mucosa of GB

A

tree like appearance

45
Q

Identify

A

Islet of langerhans

serous secreting

Pancreas

46
Q

Identify

A

Acinar cells of the pancreas

  • easily identified by the zymogen granules at the apical end
  • recall that these are among the most polarized cells
47
Q

Identify

A

Centroacinar cells

  • in pancreas
  • stimulated by secretin to produce bicarbonate
    • ​another way to neutralize chyme (the other is brunner’s glands)
  • “intercalated duct cells trapped within an acinus”
48
Q

Identify

A

Centroacinar cells of the pancreas (stimulated by secretin to release bicarbonate)

49
Q

where is this

A

duodenum b/c can see brunner’s glands

50
Q

striated ducts

A

basal infoldings with sodium channels allows for concentataion/ pumping of sodium ions out

not present in pancreas

51
Q

somatostatin

A

made by D cells, inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion

52
Q

pancreatic polypeptide

A

inhibit the exocrine pancreas (aka prevents proenzyme and bicarb release)

53
Q

most endocrine organs have which type of capillaries?

A

fenestrated

54
Q

what kind of capillaries in islets of langerhans

A

fenestrated capillaries - it is an endocrine organ

55
Q

role of pancreatic stellate cells in carcinogenisis

A

stellate cell / ito cell - stores vit a

can be very active , secreting MMPs and TIMPs, proliferation and ECM deposition –> tumor desmoplasia, angiogenesis, and tumor invasion

56
Q

describe bile acid absorption

A
  • absorption of bile acids occurs in the enterocyte
  • APICAL sodiium dependent transporter
  • BASOLATERAL sodium independent anion exchanger

note- bilirubin is not absorbed in the intestine

57
Q

what is the effect of cholinergic drug admin or CCK or secretin admin on flow of pancreatic fluid

A

causes incr in flow

as secretion rate increases, pH of ductal fluid increases

58
Q

where is secretin made

A

duodenum S cells

59
Q

what kind of epithelium lines the bile duct ?

A

cuboidal

60
Q

Identify #1

A

Kupffer cells (“macrophages of the liver) in sinusoids (discontinuosu capillaries found in liver, spleen and bone marrow)

61
Q

chromaffin cells

A

adrenal medulla cells ; catecholamine

62
Q

relaxation of smooth muscle requires

A

myosin light chain phosphatase

63
Q

what is the short term storage of glucose

A

glycogen

64
Q

what is the long temr resevoir of glucose/fat/aa

A

triglycerides

65
Q

POMC/CART

A

anorexigenic

66
Q

NPY/AgRP

A

orexigenic = appetite stimulating

67
Q

Peptide YY

A

satiety signal

released with GLP-1 from L cells of intestine

stimulates anorexigenic pathway (POMC/CART) and inhibits orexigenic pathway (NPY/AgRP)

68
Q
A

Block 4: Endocrinology (4 decks)

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