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Block 4: Endocrinology > Histo Block 4 > Flashcards

Histo Block 4 Flashcards

integumentary, endocrine, reproductive and GI

1
Q

Identify

A
  1. Stratum Corneum
  2. St. Lucidum
  3. St. Granulosum
  4. St. Spinosum
  5. St. Basale
  6. Epidermis
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2
Q

What are the three key skin layers?

A

Epidermis

  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • various amount of keratinization
  • derived from ectoderm
  • maintains thickness via process of desquamation
    • ​cathepsin and calpain
  • avascular

Dermis

  • dense CT
  • mechanical support
  • derived from mesoderm

Hypodermis

  • variable amounts of adipose
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3
Q

Whats another name for St. Basale?

A

St. germinativum

  • remains firmly attached to dermis via tonofilaments, hemidesmosomes and desmosomes
  • hemidesmosome attaches to tonofilament
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4
Q

What cell type is circled here (blue) and where is it located (red arrow)?

A

Melanocyte

  • derived from neural crest
  • found in St Basale
  • no desmosomes
  • produce melanin
    • eumelanin (brown pigment)
    • pheomelanin (red pigment)
    • melanin is made via tyrosinase
      • tyrosine –> DOPA –> –> Melanin
  • regulated by many factors - age, gender, hormones, UV exposure, climate, season …
  • donates melanin to surrounding keratinocytes where it goes to nucleus and protects DNA
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5
Q

What are the blue arrows pointing to?

A

Melanin that has been released from the melanocytes and is now surrouding the nearby keratinocytes

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6
Q

What is circled in this image?

A

A melanocyte that has already donated its melanin.

Note the shrunken nucleus and clear cytoplasm

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7
Q

What type of cell is melanin most abundant in?

A

Dividing cells

  • melanin granules protects DNA from UV radiaiton
  • therefore, in cells that divide more actively, the protection is even more imp
    • therefore, highest conc melanin usually in cells more deeply localized
  • benign accmulation in mole and nevi

Albinism - lack of melanin; likely due to lack of tyrosinase (enzyme that produces melanin from tyrosine)

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8
Q

What condition is this?

A

Leukoderma

  • chronic skin condition causing lack of pigment
  • results in irregular pale patches of skin
  • may be autoimmune
  • similar to vitiligo
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9
Q

What kind of cell is this?

A
  • mechanoreceptors of the epidermis
    • nerve supply of the skin
  • abundant in finger tips
  • associate to adjacent keratinocytes via desmosomes and neurosecretory granules
  • terminal bulb of afferent mylenated nerve fibers
  • located in st basale
  • cannot ID histologically

MCC = merkel cell carcinoma; assoc with immune dysregulation; polyomavirus assoc w 80% cases

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10
Q

What layer is this?

A

St. Spinosum

  • cells are beginning to move to upper layers and flatten out
  • incr # tonofilaments and desmosomes
    • desmosomes maintain integrity of epidermis
  • Membrane coating granules
    • surroudned by single mem
    • lamellate appearance
    • lipid rich material
      • skin impermeable to water
        • FA Deficiency causes skin to be more permeable to water
  • Vitamin D made here (as well as in Granulosum)
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11
Q

Name these parts

A

green - plankophilin

red - plankoglobin

yellow - desmoglein

purple - desmocollin

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12
Q

What characterizes this condition?

A

Pemphigus Vulgaris –> desmosomes lose their integrity

  • blisters
  • deep red
  • painful
  • mucus membranes
  • skin
  • wide distribuion

desmoglein gene family members are located on c’some 18

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13
Q

What characterizes this condition?

A

Pemphigus Follicularis –> desmosomes losing their integrity

  • blisters
  • pinkish
  • primarily on skin, wide distribution
  • pruritic
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14
Q

Normal pattern of desmogleins in the skin?

A

DSG1: highest near surface

DSG3: highest near basal layer

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15
Q

Normal patterns of desmogleins in the oral mucosa

A

DSG1: lowest at top

  • different than pattern of epidermis (opposite actually!)

DSG3: highest at basal layer

  • same as pattern of epidermis
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16
Q

What is this effect called and what condition is it associated with?

A

“Tombstoning” associated with Pemphigus Vulgaris

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17
Q

Nikolsky’s sign

A

see if skin flakes off

twist a pencil eraser against the skin –> if positive, a blister will form in the area ~within minutes

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18
Q

Cell type and location

A

Langerhans Cell located in St. Spinosum

  • originate in bone marrow
    • monocyte precursor
  • ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS - intercept, process and present antigens
    • antigen processed and displayed on cell surface
    • cell migrates to lymphnode and interacts with T helper lymphocyte

does NOT form desmosomes with neighboring keratinocytes!!!

  • irregularly shaped nucleus, clear cytoplasm, st. spinosum
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19
Q

Describe the water barrier

A
  • lipid on outside of plasma membrane
  • filagrin protein on inside of plasma membrane
    • cross links with tonofilaments
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20
Q

Describe this layer

A

St. Granulosum

  • has lots of granules
    • filaggrin protein
  • at top layer, lose organnelles = “keratinization”
  • lipid lamellae
  • Membrane coating granule fuses with PM
    • releases lipid content into intracellular space
  • Vitamin D made here (as well as in Spinosum)
    *
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21
Q

What layer is this?

A

St. Lucidum

  • part of corneum
  • only present in thick skin (ie feet)
  • clear, translucent layer
  • made up of flat keratinocytes
    • cells are filled with keratin
  • cells lack nuclei and lack typical organelles
  • have desmosomes
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22
Q

Describe this layer

A

St Corneum

  • outermost layer
  • protective barrier
    • structural stability
      • disulfide bonds
    • impermeability
  • cells LACK: organelles, nuclei
  • only have tightly packed tonofilaments
  • plasma mem thick b/c inner surface has keratin cross linked with fillagrin
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23
Q

Desquamation

A

process of shedding one layer of cells from the skin surface every day

  • mediated by proteases – cathepsin and calpain – in a pH dependent manner which degrade desmosomes
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24
Q

What type of bonds strengthen the st. corneum?

A

di-sulfide bonds

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25
Q

What kind of granules are found in the st. granulosum?

A

keratohyaline granules

  • provide an amorphous protein matrix for binding of tonophilaments
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26
Q

What are membrane coating granules?

A
  • release lipid which fills intracellular space
  • between st granulosum and st spinosum
  • eosinophilic
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27
Q

Epidermal dermal junciton

A

where the epidermal rete ridge and the dermal papilla interdigitate

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28
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A
  1. Papillary dermis
    • thin
    • loose CT
    • contains elastic fibers
    • capillaries, nerves
  2. Reticular dermis
    • thick
    • dense, irregular CT “langers lines”
      • go along rather than through for less scarring
    • bundles of collagen, elastic fibers
    • large blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves
    • SMC, skeletal muscle
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29
Q

Identify this layer

A

Papillary dermis

  • thin
  • loose CT
  • contains elastic fibers
  • capillaries, nerves
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30
Q

Identify this layer

A

Reticular dermis

  • thick
  • dense, irregular CT “langers lines”
  • go along rather than through for less scarring
  • bundles of collagen, elastic fibers
  • large blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves
  • SMC, skeletal muscle
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31
Q

Name funcitons of the dermis

A
  1. mechanical strength (collagen)
  2. elasticity (elastic fibers)
  3. sensory perception (innervation)
  4. providing nutrients/carrying away waste
  5. thermoregulation
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32
Q

Why is copper necessary in the body?

A

Needed for proper funciton of lysyl oxidase

  • required in crosslinking collagen and elastin

RDA = 1.503mg for males and females

sources: liver, nuts, legume, oysters, shellfish, meats, wholegrain cereals

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33
Q

Function of this layer

A

Hypodermis

  • subcutaneous layer, deep to reticular layer
  • links skin to muscle
  • connects ducts and secretory portions of sweat glands, hair follicles, nerves
  • deposition of fat
  • thin layer of skeletal muscle
  • SMC of arrector pilli muscle
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34
Q

Name the sensory receptors of the skin

A
  1. free nerve endings (nocreceptor, thermoreceptor)
  2. merkel disc (tactile receptor)
  3. peritrichial nerve ending (mechanoreceptor)

mechanoreceptors = mechanical deformation (stretch, touch, vibraiton, pressure)

thermorecepotrs = temp

nocireceptors = pain

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35
Q

What is this?

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

  • tactile receptor
  • fingers, hands, foot, lip, tongue
  • small , oval , connective tissue
  • encapsulated unmyelinated nerve ending in the dermal papillae
  • Schwann cells form irregular lamellae thru which axon lies
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36
Q

What is this?

A

Pacinian corpuscle

  • nerve fiber loses myelin sheath and enters wrapping of cells
  • concentric lamellae
    • schwann cells
    • collagen fibrils
  • pressure sensitive
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37
Q

What are the epidermal derivatives of skin?

A
  • hair follicle
  • sebaceous gland
  • sweat gland
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38
Q

What muscle expels sebum into hair follicle?

A

arrector pilli muscle

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39
Q

formation of hair follicle

A
  • initiated as cells aggregate in basal layer of epidermis
  • dermal papila- formed by dermal fibroblasts
  • matrix cells adjacent to dermal papilla form “germinal layer”
  • melanocytes present
  • stem cells are in lining of follicle
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40
Q

what does the extenral root sheath derive from?

A

stratum basale

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41
Q

what is the downgrowth of the epidermis?

A

external root sheath

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42
Q

What layer is the hair follicle found?

A

Hypodermis

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43
Q

What kind of secretion does the sebaceous gland use?

A

holocrine secretion (in which the plasma membrane ruptures, thereby releasing contents)

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44
Q

What kind of cells line the sebaceous gland duct?

A

stratified squamous epithelial cells

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45
Q

What layer do you find the secretory portion of the sebacous gland?

A

dermis

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46
Q

sebum

A
  • oily substance which consists of lipids, triglycerides and cell debris
  • lubricates and prevents dryness
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47
Q

Identify #3

A

rete ridges

  • downgrowths of the epidermis into the dermal layer
  • generate a stronger bond between the epidermis and dermis
  • help the skin resist shearing forces.
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48
Q

Identify #1, #2, #3

A
  1. Stratum corneum
  2. Stratum granulosum
  3. Stratum spinosum
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49
Q

Identify this structure

A

Pacinian corpuscle

  • mechanoreceptor that responds to pressure
  • located in deep dermis and hypodermis
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50
Q

Identify this structure (#1)

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

  • found just deep to the epidermis, within the dermis
  • mechanoreceptor (tactile)
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51
Q

What is the key distinguishing feature between a late primary follicle and a seoncdary follicle?

A

Antrum

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52
Q

What steroid hormone does the corpus luteum produce?

A

Progesterone

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53
Q

Identify

A

Primordial follicle

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54
Q

Identify

A

Early primary follice

  • note zona pelucida is very thin and not easily visible, but it is present between the layer of follicular cells (1) and the cytoplasm
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55
Q

Identify

A

Late primary follicle

  • note that the zona pelucida is much easier to see here than it was in the early primary follicle
  • 4N , diploid
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56
Q

Identify

A

Secondary Follicle

  • the presence of an antrum (#1) is the key defining feature of the secondary follicle
  • can easily zona pellucida
  • cumulus cells surround the zona pellucida
  • there are many granulosa cells (#2)
  • theca interna cells are present (#3)
  • 4N
  • stratified cuboidal epithelium
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57
Q

The cervix is the site of an epithelial transition - what is it?

A

The upper cervix (endocervix) is lined by a simple columnar epithelium that contains mucous-secreting cells

The lower cervix (ectocervix) is lined by a stratified squamous epithelium.

The transition point between these two epithelia is known as the external os.

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58
Q

Tunica Albuginea

A

connective tissue of the gonads (testes and ovaries)

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59
Q

Wolffian ducts

A
  • mesonephric ducts
  • degenerate in the female due to the absence of androgens
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60
Q

Follicular phase follicles

A

The follicular phase consists of sequential devel of several primordial follicles

  1. Primary = unilayered
  2. Secondary = multilayered
  3. Preantral
  4. Antral
  5. Preovulatory follicle = “Graffian”
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61
Q

Primordial follicles

A
  • simple squamous layer of granulosa cells
    • small,flattened follicle cells
  • large nucleus, prominent nucleolus
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62
Q

Primary Follicle

A
  • cuboidal epithelial cells
  • no antrum (recall: antrum is a defining feature of a secondary follicle)
  • zona pellucida initiates assembly; gradually separates primary oocyte from granulosa cells
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63
Q

Zona Pellucida

A
  • composed of glycoproteins around the enlarged oocyte
  • surrounded by granulosa cells (“corona radiata”)
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64
Q

Cumulus Oophorus

A
  • the entire mass of granulosa cells and the oocyte
  • anchors the primary oocyte to the wall of the follicle so that the oocyte doesnt float freely in the antrum fluid
    • nutrient delivery channel to the primary oocyte
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65
Q

Corona Radiata

A
  • granulosa cells surrounding the zona pellucida
  • layer is attached to zona pellucida by zona-penetrating cellular processes
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66
Q

Secondary Follicle

A
  • PRESENCE OF ANTRUM
  • stratified cuboidal epithelim (“multilayered follicle”)
  • theca surrounds follicle
    • theca interna = vascularized layer adjacent to basal lamina; supports granulosa cells
    • theca externa = fibous cellular layer continuous with the ovarian stroma
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67
Q

Identify

A

Primordial follicle

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68
Q

Identify

A

Primary Follicle

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69
Q

What is the green line demarkating?

A

Cumulus oophorous

  • cluster of granulosa cells anchoring the primary oocyte to the wall of the follicle
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70
Q

Three layers of the walls of the secondary follice

A
  1. Layer of granulosa cells - avascular
    • adjacent to the antrum
  2. Theca interna
  3. Theca externa
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71
Q

Identify

A

Secondary follicle

  • antrum
  • see yellow arrow pointing to the corona radiata
    • ​can identify as such because the zona pellucida is visibly encasing the oocyte
      • recall: zona pelluida is easier to see in a secondary follicle because it is better assembled
  • “multilayered” indicates that you can see a stratified cuboidal epithelium
  • primary oocyte (will be primary oocyte until OVULATION at which point it will become a secondary oocyte in response to LH surge)
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72
Q

Theca interna secretes…

A

Androstenedione

  • precursor for estrogen synthesis

*theca interna cells produce weak androgens : androstenedione and DHEA

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73
Q

atresia

A
  • failure of follicle to ovulate
  • degenerate in an apoptotic fashion
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74
Q

Glassy membrane

A
  • thick folded basement membrane material
  • present in atretic follicles
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75
Q

Lutenization

A

Formation of the corpus luteum

  1. lumen is filled with fibrin, which is then replaced by CT and new blood vessels
  2. granulosa cells enlarge, lipid droplets accumulate in the cytoplasm; they become granulosa lutein cells
  3. spaces between folds of granulosa cell layer are penetrated by theca interna cells, blood vessels, CT ; now called “theca lutein cells”
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76
Q

What is the effect of estradiol on the granulosa lutein cells?

A

The granulosa lutein cells are stimulated by FSH to produce progesterone and estradiol

  • make estradiol by using the ndrostene dione from the theca lutein cells
  • Estradiol stimulates granulosa lutein cells to take up cholesterol from the blood; this is then stored in the lipid droplets and used by the mitochondria to make progesterone
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77
Q

Luteolysis

A

If fertilization does not occur, corpus luteum undergoes process of regression; involves apoptosis;

  1. reduction of blood flow –> hypoxia
  2. T cells make interferon gamma
  3. macrophages arrive, produce tumor necrosis factor ligand
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78
Q

characteristics of steroid producing cells visible on TEM

A
  • lipid droplets
  • mitochondria with tubular cristae
  • abundant SER
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79
Q

Corpus Hemorrhagium

A
  • During lutenizaiton, blood flows into former antral space
  • fibrin clot is penetrated by newly formed blood vessels , fibroblasts and collagen fibers
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80
Q

Identify

A

Atretic follicle

  • see glassy membrane
  • also notice the granulosa cells that have detached and “fallen” into the lumen
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81
Q

What does the corpus luteum become if not fertilized?

A

Corpus Albicans

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82
Q

What does the corpus hemmorrhagicum become after the oocyte is ovulated?

A

Corpus luteum

83
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the vagina?

A

stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium

84
Q

Identify

A

Corpus Albicans

  • the corpus luteum stops producing steroid if there is no fertilization, which causes this white, scar appearance of the corpus albicans
85
Q

Identify

A

Infundibulum

  • at ovarian end of the uterine tube
  • has very little smooth muscle layer
  • mucosal lining has more branched appearance
  • has fimbrae
86
Q

Identify

A

Ampulla

87
Q

Identify

A

Isthmus

88
Q

General features of the Uterine Tube

A

Uterine tube progresses from infundibulum –> ampulla –> isthmus

  • smooth muscle wall of the uterine tube becomes gradually thicker from the infundibulum (ovarian end) to the isthmus (uterine end)
    • mucosal lining becomes less folded
    • the lumen becomes smaller
    • simple columnar epithelium with
      • ciliated cells
      • secretory (peg) cells
      • lamina propria.

The ciliated cells and the smooth muscle assist in the transport

The activity of these lining cells is dependent upon estrogen stimulation.

89
Q

The infundibulum is which end of the uterine tube?

A

Ovarian end

90
Q

The isthmus is at what end of the uterine tube?

A

Uterine end

91
Q

Identify

A

Infundibulum

at ovarian end of the uterine tube

has very little smooth muscle layer

mucosal lining has more branched appearance

92
Q

Identify

A

Isthmus

  • note lots of smooth muscle, thick
  • on the uterine side of the uterine tube
  • large lumen but less branching when compared to infundibulum
93
Q

Layers of the endometrium

A

Functional layer

  • partially or totally lost after menstration

Basal Layer

94
Q

Peg cells

A

nonciliated secretory cells

secretory activity is also stimulated by estrogen

found in the mucosa lining of the oviduct

95
Q

Decidual cells

A
  • hypertrophy of endometrial stromal cells
96
Q

Uterus layers

A
  1. Endometrium
  2. Myometrium
  3. Adventitia/Serosa
97
Q

Arcuate arteries

A
  • supply the endometrium
    • straight segment = basal layer
    • coiled segment = functional layer
98
Q

Identify Organ

A

Corpus luteum

  • see granulosa lutein cells (larger, lighter) and theca lutein cells (darker, tigher together)
99
Q

What kind of cells are the arrows pointing to?

A

Ciliated cells of the uterus

100
Q

What kind of cells are the ones next to the arrows ?

A

Peg cells

101
Q

Identify 1

A

Functional layer of the endometrium

SHEDS!!

102
Q

Identify 2

A

Basal layer of the endometrium - always stays in tact

103
Q

Identify 3

A

Myometrium of the uterus

104
Q

Identify location and stage

A

Uterus at the proliferative stage (days 7-14) of the menstural cycle

Estrogen predominates

105
Q

Identify location and stage

A

Uterus in the early secretory stage of the menstural cycle

Progesterone predominates

106
Q

Identify location and stage

A

Late secretory stage of the menstural cycle

Progesterone predominates

107
Q

Identify

A

Vagina

identify based on the lining of a stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium

108
Q

Identify

A

Early placenta

  • can see two layer
  • cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast present
  • placental villus
  • nucleated cells (therefore blood cells VERY Early on in development)
  • see fetal blood vesel within placental villus
109
Q

Identify

A

Late fetal placenta

110
Q

Identify

A

Decidual cells - light staining and large

111
Q

Stage of Uterine cycle

A

proliferative

112
Q

What are straight uterine glands lined with?

A

simple columnar secretory cells

113
Q

Idenitfy 1

A

Os of the cervix

  • cervical opening that leadsinto the cervical canal
  • at this point that the mucus-secreting simple columnar epithelium of the cervical canal is replaced by a stratified squamous, nonkeratinized epithelium covering the vaginal portion of the cervix
114
Q

Idenitfy 2

A

Vaginal portion of the cervix

stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium

115
Q

Identify 3

A

Glands in the cervix

116
Q

Identify 4

A

Cysts in the cervix (clogged glands)

117
Q

Fetal component of the placenta

A
  • chorionic plate
    • embryonic connective tissue
    • umbilical blood vessels
    • trophoblastic cells
  • villi
118
Q

Maternal component of the placenta

A
  • decidua basalis (Derived from the endometrium)
119
Q

Identify 1

A

Decidual cells (from maternal endometrium)

120
Q

Identify 2

A

Cytotrophoblast cells of the placenta (from the fetus!)

121
Q

Identify 3

A

Fibrinoid

  • formed from decidua basalis (from maternal endometrium) and cytotrophoblasts (from fetus)
  • extracellular and eosinophilic
122
Q

What are key distinguishing feature between the early and late placenta? (2 features)

A
  1. In the early placenta there are two distinct layers surrounding the placenta villus - synctiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast layers
    * in the late placenta most of the cytotrophoblast cells get absorbed int o the synctiotrophoblast layer and there is only one layer of cells around the villus
  2. in the early placenta there are nucleated blood cells (because theyre so young they havent had a chance to get rid of their nuc yet)
123
Q

Umbilical arteries carry…

A

DEOXYGENATED BLOOD

124
Q

Umbilical veins carry…

A

OXYGENATED BLOOD

125
Q

when do sperm acquire forward motility?

A

once they have traveled through the epididymus (maturation process occurs)

126
Q

where does capacitation occur?

A

in the isthmus of the oviduct

  • recall, the isthmus is the part of the uterine tube closest to the uterus
    • thicker, smaller lumen and less folded
127
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

Ampulla of oviduct

128
Q
A
129
Q

Identify

A

Striated duct

  • note: the striated duct nuclei are pushed toward apex; see basal infoldings and cuboidal/columnar epithelium
  • hypoosmotic saliva via kallikrein and bicarb
130
Q

Identify

A

Striated duct

  • hypoosmotic saliva via kallikrein and bicarb
  • basal infoldings
131
Q

What kind of cellular apparatus would you expect to find in this location?

A

Mitochondria

note: in the striated duct, nuclei are pushed toward apex (lumen) due to basal infoldings; there should be many many MITOCHONDRIA here!!!

132
Q

Identify 1

A

Filiform papillae (keratinized)

133
Q

Identify 2

A

Fungiform papillae (not common in humans)

134
Q

Identify

A

Circumvalatini papillae

  • visible to naked eye
  • not keratinized!!
  • this is where taste pores are
    • taste pores are in the trophs
      • ​trophs on both sides are continuous with lumen so that saliva can get there
  • need saliva to get the tastants where they need to be
  • note: lamina propria is tightly tightly bound!!
135
Q

Identify organ

A

Parotid duct

  • 100% serous glands
  • therefore, all basophilic (darkly staining)
    • serous glands make proteins
      • protein making machinery is dense and stains dark
136
Q

Identify the yellow circled thing

A

Intercalated duct

  • close to acini
  • squamous epithelium
  • iso-osmotic saliva
137
Q

Kallikrein

A

modifies proteins in saliva; found in hypo-osmotic saliva of the striated duct

138
Q

Identify the orange thing

A

Striated duct within the parotid

infolding at basal PM causes increased surface area and more places to put channels

139
Q

Identify organ

A

Parotid (see lobules)

140
Q

What is the significance of capillaries around striated ducts?

A

Na/Cl pumps make saliva hypo-osmotic to the blood (the striated duct pumps out ions!)

141
Q

Identify

A

SubMandibular

  • MIXED
  • has both serous and mucous
  • lots of striated ducts
142
Q

Identify

A

Sublingual gland

  • has only mucous secreting glands (therefore lightly stained)
  • not many intercalated ducts and hardly any striated ducts
143
Q

Identify

A

Sublingual

  • only mucuous secreting glands therefore lightly stained
144
Q

Function of salivary glands

A
  1. protection
  2. buffering
  3. digestion
  4. taste
  5. antimicrobial
  6. tooth integrity
145
Q

how do you tell serous cell?

A

it should be dark and intensly stained

in mixed acini, it will form a demilunne

146
Q

Identify

A

serous

147
Q

Where is this?

A

mixed acini

148
Q

Describe the muscle of the esophagus

A

1/3 skeletal

2/3 skeletal and smooth

3/3 smooth

149
Q

Glands of von ebner

A

darkly stained near troph of the taste bud; serous;

want to wash away tastants

150
Q

three types of cells in taste buds

A
  1. sustanticular
  2. basal
  3. neuroepithelia
151
Q

mucosa

A
  • epithelium
  • lamina propria
  • muscularis mucoa (interna)
152
Q

muscularis externa

A

found below submucosa and above advantitia

mixes and propels contents

153
Q

funciton of submucosa

A

dense, irregular CT with nerves (enteric nervous system), blood vessels, glands, lymphatics

154
Q

List the order of layers starting at epithelium and ending in outer longitudinal muscle

A
  • Epithelium
  • Lamina propria
  • Muscularis mucosa (interna)
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis externa
    • Inner circular muscle
    • Outer longitudinal muscle
155
Q

GALT

A

gut associated lymphatic tissue

156
Q

Identify ORGAN

A

this must be the esophagus becuase serum mucus glands disappear in the cardiac stomach

157
Q

Identify

A

Esophagus (not vagina!!) because glands and muscularis interna

158
Q

Identify

A

fundic stomach because glands >pits

159
Q

Where might this be?

A

This is at the base of a gland in the fundic stomach; know it is at the base of the gland because all of that dark staining cells are chief cells (chief cells stain dark). Can also see a few parietal cells here and there, which stain pink! There can be a few parietal cells, but mainly at the bottom of a gland are chief cells

Chief cells secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

Parital cells secrete HCl and Intrinsic factor (B12, if none then percocious anemia)

160
Q

Identify 1

A

Goblet cell of the small intestine

161
Q

Identify 2

A

plasma cell

162
Q

Identify 3

A

absorptive enterocyte

163
Q

Identify 5

A

lamina propria side with lacteal or blood vessel

164
Q

Identify 4

A

food side

165
Q

Identify this structure

A

Plica circularies

  • mucosa and submucosa
  • increase in SA reflects the absorptive function of the small intestine
166
Q

Identify

A

SMALL INTESTINE

inner circular muscle (top)

myentero plexus (“Aubach”)

outer longitudinal muscle

167
Q

Identify

A
  • this is at the bottom of a gland in the jejunum
  • panneth cell - secrete antimicrobials to protect the jejunum
  • they protect and fuel stem cells
  • argnine rich , glycoproteins, lysozyme (which increases the permeability of bacterial cell membranes) , antimicrobial peptides
168
Q

Identify

A

Illeum

notice the peyers patches = may lymphatic nodules massed together

169
Q

What portion is shaded in?

A

Central lacteal

note: you are looking at an intestinal microvilli

170
Q

When you notice tons and tons of seromucous glands, what part of the intestine should you think of?

A

Duodenum

  • brunners glands
    • Basic Bicarb
  • crypts of lieberkuhn
171
Q

identify

A

pyloric stomach

pits are continuous with glands

Pits>glands

172
Q

Identify

A

Inactive mammary gland

173
Q

Identify

A

Active mammary gland

174
Q

Balbiani bodies

A

in the primordial follicle

have golgi, ER , vesicles, mitochondria and lysosomes

175
Q

what are some features of the priomoridal follicle

A

balbiani bodies

annulate lamellae

176
Q

Identify layers from left to right

A

this image is from a secondary follicle

theca interna are large frothy looking cells with lipid droplets and mitochondria inside

177
Q

what kind of cells are in oviduct?

A

ciliated cells

peg cells

178
Q

what hormone do the ciliated cells of the oviduct depend on?

A

estrogen! ciliogenesis is estrogen dependent

179
Q

how does progesterone prepare the uterus for implantation?

A
  1. development and proliferation of spiral arteries
  2. development of secretory glands
  3. decrease SMC contraction
180
Q

what factors contribute to ovulation

A
  • Incr vol, incr pressure of follicular fluid
  • Breakdown of follicular wall
  • Addition of glycosaminoglycans between the granulosa and oocyte
  • Contraction of smc in theca interna (vascularized)
181
Q

secretory

A

coiled

182
Q

proliferative

A

straight

183
Q

Identify

A

day 7-14, proliferative phase (estrogenic)

184
Q

Identify

A

menstrual stage 0-7

185
Q

Identify

A

Early secretory phase

186
Q

Identify

A

Uterus, late secretory phase 14-28 (closer to 28)

187
Q

Identify

A

corpus luteum (See theca lutein cells in center and granulosa lutein lighter)

188
Q

Identify

A

proliferative stage (straight! estrogenic)

189
Q

Identify

A

Early secretory (progesterone)

14-28

190
Q

Identify

A

Late secretory

14-28

progesterone

191
Q

Identify

A

decidua basalis - light staining and large

mom side of placenta

192
Q

Identify 1

A

decidual cells of the placenta

193
Q

Identify 2

A

fibrinoid of the placenta

194
Q

Identify 3

A

cytotrophoblast of the placenta

195
Q

What stimulates the cortical granules to release?

A

once sperm fuses with egg

196
Q

What allows the change of the zona pellucida that blocks polyspermy?

A

the cortical reaction, which releases enzymes

197
Q

What is the next step after the egg completes the second meiotic division?

A

The egg is now a secondary oocyte, the egg and sperm pronuclei fuse!! Once they fuse, you can have the first mitotic division of the zygote.

198
Q

chorion frondosum

A
  • faces decidua basalis (moms component of placenta)
  • chroionci plate and villi derived from cytotrophoblastic shell
  • the villi give it the name “bushy”
199
Q

hofbauer cell

A

fetal macrophage

control of water content, transfer of ions, placental development!! importnat component of fetal villi within the placenta

200
Q

what regulates the pressure at which maternal blood enters intervillous space in placenta?

A

the cytotrophoblast shell

201
Q

Identify

A

early placenta

(notice the nucleated red blood cells in the villus )

202
Q

Identify 1

A

chorion frondosum

this is the fetal side of the placenta

203
Q

Identify 2

A

Decidua basalis/ endometrium

this is mom’s side of the placenta

Block 4: Endocrinology (4 decks)

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