Liver Functions Flashcards
Liver Functions
Prevents shortages of what? How?
Liver prevents shortages of NUTRIENTS by storing vitamins, minerals & sugar
Liver Functions
What does the liver do to the nutrients from food?
Metabolises nutrients from food to produce ENERGY when needed
Liver Functions
What does the liver produces for the body?
Proteins
Liver Functions
Can liver removes potentially toxic byproducts of medications?
Yes!
Liver Functions
How does the liver helps the body fight infection?
By removing bacterial from blood
Liver Functions
What does the liver produce for digestion and absorption? What does it digest and absorb?
Liver produces bile.
Bile is a compound needed to digest FAT,
and to absorb VITAMINS A, D, E, & K.
Liver Functions
Does the liver help to regulate blood clotting?
Yes!
Liver produces substances to regulate blood clotting.
What is Malaysia’s ranking in the most obese country in Asia Region based on WHO 2012 poll?
No. 6!
Fatty Liver & Fatty Heart
What is Fatty Liver?
What is Fatty Heart?
Fatty Liver is a liver enwrapped by fat.
Fatty Heart is a heart enwrapped by fat.
What are the stages of Liver Damage?
Stage 1: Healthy Liver
Stage 2: Fatty Liver
Stage 3: Liver Fibrosis
Stage 4: Cirrhosis
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC)
Describe what is Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC).
PBC is a chronic progress…and destructive INFLAMMATORY LESION of small intralobular and septil bile ducts.
Likely caused by an autoimmune mechanism with the presence of Serum Anti-Mitochondrial Antibodies (AMAs) and a potential tendency to progress to cirrhosis.
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC)
What are the critical factors for the initiation and perpetuation of the disease?
Deficiencies in Autoimmune Tolerance
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC)
PBC is a chronic progressive autoimmune cholestatic liver disease characterized by?
Highly-specific Anti-Michondrial Antibodies (AMAs)
Specific Immune-Mediated Injury of Small Intrahepatic Bile Ducts
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC)
What are proposed to be the case of bile duct lesions in PBC?
The unique properties of APOPTOSIS in biliary epithelial cells (BECs),
in which, there is exposure of Auto-Antigen to the effectors of the immune system
Biliary Stricture
70% of biliary strictures are malignant, what are the two major malignancies?
1) Pancreatic Adenocarninoma
2) Cholangiocarcinoma
Biliary Stricture
What patients have a higher likelihood of malignancy than those with normal serum bilirubin levels?
Patients with obstructive jaundice
Biliary Stricture
What are the possible caused of Biliary Stricture (narrowing of the bile duct)?
1) Bile duct injury due to bile duct obstruction or surgical injury
2) When scaring builds up in the bile duct, it blocks the flow of bile. Damage, scarring and inflammation can also occur due to Gallstones in the bile duct.
3) Diseases and tumors can also cause narrowing of the bile duct - cancerous tumors in the bile duct.
4) Pancreatitis
5) Primary sclerosing cholangitis [inflamed scars in bile symptoms of biliary stricture are often similar)
Blood Markers
Serum 19-9
CEA
TTR
IL-6
MUC5AC
MMP-7
Serum CA19-9 and Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) commonly used in clinical practice in patients with suspected HEPATOBILIARY MALIGNANCY
Serum CA19-9 levels above 37 U/ml have a sensitivity of approximately 74% in patients with biliary malignancy
Cholestatis, cholangitis, cirrhosis and stomach cancer
Elevated serum CEA level:
colorectal adenocarcinoma - sensitivity of 33-68%
and cholangiocarcinoma - specificity of 79-95%
Cholangiocarcinoma:
Transthyretin (TTR)
Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7)
Cholelithiasis (Gallstones)
due to H. Pylori Infection and Fatty Liver
Bilirubin and ionized calcium - pigment gallstone formation
10-15% gallstone patients concomitantly suffer from bile-duct stones
Gallblader stones are primarily cholestrol of black-pigment stones
Bile duct stones are brown-pigment stones (calcium bilirubin stones)
Both bacterial and human beta-glucuronidase might contribute to pigment cholelithiasis
