liver etc

Question 1

Answer 1

• Acute liver failure (all these conditions may eventually cause liver failure but it can be a slow process)
• Wilson’s disease
  
  • a genetic disorder in which excess copper builds up in the body. Symptoms are typically related to the brain and liver.
• Hemochromatosis
  
  • causes your body to absorb too much iron from the food you eat. Excess iron is stored in your organs, especially your liver, heart and pancreas. Too much iron can lead to life-threatening conditions, such as liver disease, heart problems and diabetes.
• alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
  
  • a rare, inherited condition; AAT is a (WBC) enzyme inhibitor and a lack of AAT makes a person vunreable to damage from these WBC enzymes, especially in the lungs. AAT is usually prod by the liver and lack of it can cause damage to the liver as well as the lung
• Hep viruses
  
  • Viral hepatitis is an infection that causes liver inflammation and damage. Inflammation is swelling that occurs when tissues of the body become injured or infected.
• paracetamol overdose
  
  • Paracetamol is the most common medicine taken in overdose. It can lead to liver failure in a number of days, despite using medication to protect the liver. Liver failure can be fatal. Over 150 people die each year as a result of a paracetamol overdose

Question 2

Answer 2

• portal hypertension
  
  • scleral icterus
    
    • the yellowish pigmentation of the sclera, which is the normally white area of the eye.
  • hepatic encephalitis
    
    • The exact underlying mechanisms by which hepatic encephalopathy develops in individuals with liver disease are not fully understood. Researchers believe that high blood pressure of the main vein of the liver (portal hypertension) results in blood bypassing the liver (w toxins in)
  • Esophageal varices
    
    • abnormal, enlarged veins in the esophagous
  • Hematemesis
    
    • the vomiting of blood

Question 3

Answer 3

• cholelithiasis
  
  • the formation of gallstones
• cholecystitis
  
  • inflammation of the gallbladder, risk factor: gall stone in cystic duct
• choledocolithiasis
  
  • presence of a gallstone in the common bile duct
• cholangitis
  
  • an inflammation of the bile duct system

cholesterol based stone (more common)

bile pigment/ UBR based stone

Question 4

Answer 4

Question 5

Answer 5

Question 6

Answer 6

• ascites
  
  • the abnormal build-up of fluid in the abdomen. Technically, it is more than 25 ml of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, although volumes greater than one liter may occur.
• peritonitis
  
  • Peritonitis is an inflammation of the peritoneum, the tissue that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers and supports most of your abdominal organs. Peritonitis is usually caused by infection from bacteria or fungi