Liver development, anatomy, and histo

Question 1

The two afferent blood supplies to the liver. % of blood, where it arises from, what it drain/supplies

Answer 1

1. Hepatic artery -25% of blood
   - comes off celiac trunk, supplies oxygenated blood
2. Portal vein - 75% of blood
   - arises from superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein
   - drains blood from digestive tract and spleen; contains all the nutrients where they can be processed

Question 2

Efferent blood of the liver

Answer 2

Hepatic Vein

-to the IVC

Question 3

The structural unit of the liver

Answer 3

the lobule

Question 4

Three major definitions of lobule structure–all different ways of looking at the same structure. What does each way emphasize?

Answer 4

1. Classic lobule-endocrine function
2. Portal lobule-excocrine function of bile secretion
3. Liver Acinus lobule- metabolic function

Question 5

Shapes of each type of lobule

Answer 5

1. Classic-hexagonal
2. Portal-triangular
3. Liver Acinus - oval/diamond

Question 6

In the Liver Acinus type of lobule, the hepatocytes are grouped into these zones. Describe their locations

Answer 6

Zone 1: closest to entry point of blood into sinusoids
Zone 2: intermediate
Zone 3: closest to hepatic veins

Question 7

In the galbladder, what two layers are not present?

Answer 7

• Muscularis mucosa layer of the mucosa

- submucosa

Question 8

Development of the ventral mesentery (4)

Answer 8

1. lesser omentum
2. foramen of winslow
3. falciform ligament
4. bare area of the liver

Question 9

Developmental biology of the pancreas is an example of what type of interaction?

Answer 9

epithelial-mesenchymal

Question 10

In development of the pancreas, the epithelium, that is derived from the embryonic germ layer ____, gives rise to ____

Answer 10

endoderm: endocrine islets and exocrine acini and ducts

Question 11

The mesenchyme, derived from germ layer ____ is required for ____ and gives rise to ____

Answer 11

mesoderm, for growth of epithelium, gives rise only to CT cell derivatives

Question 12

portal triad

Answer 12

branch of hepatic artery and portal vein, and bile ductule

Question 13

Hepatic artery and portal vein join and turn into ____, which drains into the _____, which drains into the _____

direction of flow:

Answer 13

hepatic sinusoid, central vein (terminal hepatic venule), sublobular vein

out –> in

Question 14

The hepatic sinusoid is lined by _____

Answer 14

endothelium cells

Question 15

Ito/Stellate cells

Answer 15

found in hepatic sinusoids/space of Disse, store lipid and Vitamin A

Question 16

Space of Disse

what occurs here?

Answer 16

little space between endothelial cell of hepatic sinusoids and liver cell

-macrovilli come into this space to increase SA of liver for rapid absorption and exchange with blood in sinusoids

Question 17

Bile Canaliculus

Answer 17

found in hepatocytes: conduit system to get bile out of the liver to the bile duct

bile binds to a canaliculus, goes into these little special channels, and joins up with larger channels to eventually reach the bile duct

Question 18

During embryological development, the liver bud grows off of the GI tract and interacts with ____, which are the precursors for hepatic sinusoids of the liver

Answer 18

vitelline veins

Question 19

The ductus venosus bypasses the lievr to get blood from the ____ to the _____

Answer 19

umbilical vein to IVC

Question 20

A portal lobule includes portions of lobules whose ____ drain into the same bile duct

Answer 20

bile canaliculi

Question 21

What are the boundaries of the portal lobule? What is the center?

Answer 21

central veins of three classic lobules; the center is the bile duct collecting bile from all canaliculi

Question 22

If you injected a toxin, which zone would get sacrificed first?

Answer 22

1>2>3

1 is closest to hepatic artery

Question 23

if you deprive the liver of oxygen, which zone will die first?

Answer 23

Zone 3

Question 24

The umbilical vein becomes the ____

Answer 24

ligamentum teres

Question 25

IN the division of the ventral mesentary, the lesser omentum is made up of which two ligaments?

Answer 25

Hepatoduodenal and hepatogastric ligament

Question 26

betatrophin

what is it, who makes it

Answer 26

a new hormone discovered in 2013 that promotes beta cell replication

made by liver and adipose tissue