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Year 1 > B cells and Antibodies > Flashcards

B cells and Antibodies Flashcards

1
Q

definition of antibodies (imunoglobulins)

A

proteins made and secreted to bind with antigens. Once bound, helps inactivate/clear out microbial (or non-microbial) agent

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2
Q

Ig structure

A

2 identical heavy chains and 2 identical light chains

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3
Q

light chains isotypes and their frequnecy

A

kappa (60%), lambda (40%)

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4
Q

heavy chain isotypes

A 
α - IgA 1, 2
δ - IgD
γ - IgG 1, 2, 3, 4
ε - IgE
μ - IgM
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5
Q

FAB

A

fragment antigen binding: portion of antibody that binds antigen

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6
Q

FAB is produced by digestion of Ig with what enzyme?

A

Papain

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7
Q

Fc

A

Fragment crystallizable: effector function of Ig, binds with other things that have an Fc receptor

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8
Q

Fc contains which portion of the antibody molecule?

A

C-terminal portion

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9
Q

F(ab’2) and produced by which enzyme

A

Bivalent FAB fragment, produced by pepsin

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10
Q

Ig molecule consists of how many FAB and Fc fragments?

A

2 FAB and 1 Fc fragment

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11
Q

how many hypervariable regions (CDRs) are on each light and heavy chain? How many in total on an Ig?

A

3 on light chain, 3 on heavy chain, a total of six

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12
Q

Basis of specificity for antigen

A

HV regions = CDRs (complementarity determining regions)

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13
Q

What makes up one FAB region?

A

VL, VH

CL1 CH1

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14
Q

How many variable (heavy and light) domains are on an Ig?

A

On variable heavy, one variable light on each half of Ig, so in total, 2 VH and 2 VL

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15
Q

How many Constant light domains are on each Ig?

A

One CL on each side of Ig, so a total of 2 CL domains

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16
Q

How many constant heavy domains are there on each Ig? Which two Igs are an exception

A

3 constant heavy domains on each side, so 6 in total. IgM and IgE can have a fourth constant heavy domain

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17
Q

less variable regions aligning hypervariable regions that provide structural integrity to variable domains

A

framework residues

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18
Q

Isotype

A

constant regions of heavy/light chains

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19
Q

idiotype

A

antibodies with different variable domains

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20
Q

Igs that are complement activators

A

IgG and IgM

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21
Q

B-cell membrane receptors (mature cell)

A

IgM and IgD

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22
Q

First antibody during immune response

A

IgM

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23
Q

The only antibody produced by immature B-cell

A

IgM

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24
Q

2 fates of IgM and structural form for both

A
  • plasma membrane bound, serves as B cell receptor for antigen or B cell activator (monomer)
  • secreted from plasma, potent activator of compliment classical pathway (pentamer)
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25
Second isotype of Ig produced
IgD
26
very similar to IgM but contains different Fc portion
IgD
27
the "glue" that hold a pentamer Ig together
J-chain
28
Ig with highest serum concentration
IgG
29
5 important properties of IgG
1) longest half life (much more stable, resists degradation) ~23 days 2) the only Ig that can cross placenta to provide fetus immunity 3) can perform ADCC 4) acts as an opsonin 5) compliment activator
30
In opsonization, what party of the antibody binds to the bacteria? what part of the antibody binds to the phagocyte?
FAB binds to antigen of bacteria, FC site binds to an Fc (gamma) receptor on on phagocyte
31
What receptor is needed for IgG to perform ADCC?
CD16
32
Why is IgG a less efficient compliment pathway activator than IgM?
IgM is secreted as a pentamer, while IgG is a monomer, so its needs multiple monomers
33
"Prepare to ingest"
Opsonin
34
Ig involved in mucosal immunity
IgA
35
IgA is secrete as what structure?
Dimer
36
Which antibody does not activate compliment pathway? Way?
IgA, dont' want a huge inflammatory response in GI tract
37
Mild, neutralizing antibody
IgA
38
This Ig is mostly found on epithelial cell surfaces and binds to bacterial toxin to prevent epithelial damage
IgA
39
least common Ig, small amounts in circulation
IgE
40
Ig for allergic reactions, hypersensitivity reactions, and parasitic infections
IgE
41
This Ig is mainly found in lungs, skin, and mucous membranes
IgE
42
Mast cells have these receptors fo IgE
Fc epsilon receptors
43
Crosslinking of antibodies and antigen on mast cell causes what to occur and what to be released?
Degranulation of mast cells, release of histamine | binds to antigen first, then triggers opsonization
44
mABs (3 properties)
monoclonal antibodies 1. targets only a single polypeptide chain 2. no variation between antibodies produced 3. highly controllable
45
Rituximab
mAB, marker on B cells, used in treatment of lymphoma and leukemia
46
Infliximab
Anti-TNF (tumor necrosis factors, cause apoptosis) | hence why need to be careful with monoclonal antibodies. need these things as inflammatory mediator
47
Monoclonal antibodies bind to the same _______ of antigen, which serves to detect and purify a substance
epitope
48
Monoclonal antibodies work only because B-cells operate through this type of system
``` Clonal selection (each B-cell has a specific antibody as a cell surface receptor, and only B cells, which are antigen specific, can secrete antibodies. Produce antibody of a specific type which we can isolate and capture) ```
49
What type of interaction occurs between an antibody and antigen
noncovalent
50
Reaction between an antibody and an antigen that differs from the immunogen
Cross-reactivity
51
Type B blood type have what type of antigens
B antigens
52
Persons who are Type AB what what antigens
A and B antigens
53
What antigens to persons with Type O have
have neither A nor B antigens
54
The serum of people with Type A blood have what kind of antibodies
Antibodies against Type B antigens
55
Type AB blood type have what kind of antibodies
Neither antibody
56
Type O blood type have what antibodies
antibodies against A and B
57
Universal Donor
Type O
58
Universal recipients
Type AB (lack antibodies against A or B antigens
59
True or False: A person with type O blood may receive from a person with Type B blood
False (a person with type O blood has anti-B antibodies which would react against the type B antigen found on the red cells of type B blood
60
When Type B blood is given to a person with type A blood, antigen from the _____ reacts with anti-B antibody in the ____ (donor or recipient)
Donor, recipient
61
Blood group antigens are a system of antigens that are ____ in nature
glycolipid
62
What is the core glycan anchored in the erythrocyte membrane? Everyone has this, and will not react to this
Gal NAc--Gal--X | Fucose Gal NAc =N-acetylated galactosamine Gal= galactose X= the R group that is different in each blood type
63
X group for O
nothing Gal NAc--Gal | Fucose
64
X group for A
Gal NAc--Gal--GalNAc | Fucose
65
X group for B
Gal NAc--Gal--Gal | Fucose
66
immunogenicity
ability of a particular substance to induce an immune response (i.e. antigen or epitope)
67
What elicits the blood group antibody reaction?
GI flora (commensal bacteria) generate proteins/sugars/etc that are foreign to humans. Immunse system response to these antigens, but the bacteria never leave the GI tract. Bacteria are harmless within the GI lumen. But antibodies are ready in case any bacteria does cross epithelium
68
GI bacterial biproducts have structura similarity to
blood groups
69
True or false: Individuals do not make specific antibodies against bacteria in the gut that are similar to their own blood type
True. They do not.
70
Lipids and nucleic acids alone are (strong/weak) generators of antibodies
Weak. generate more robust response as lipoprotein or nucleoprotein, which will be processed by an APC
71
If a lipoprotein is degraded by APC, which part does Th cell recognize? Which part does B cell recognize? (but relies on Th still)
Helper T cell recognizes the peptide. The B cell can recognize the lipid or carb part, but need Th cell from protein to help it recognize the lipid or carb.

Year 1 (48 decks)

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