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A&P 2 - Digestive System > Liver, Bile Duct and Gallbladder > Flashcards

Liver, Bile Duct and Gallbladder Flashcards

1
Q

largest digestive gland in the body

A

liver

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2
Q

the liver has a multitude of functions but not many related to what

A

digestion

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3
Q

the liver secretes substances essential for ______ and absorption of _______

A

digestion
nutrients

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4
Q

the liver _______ nutrients and regulates their release into the __________

A

synthesizes
bloodstream

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5
Q

which organ excretes toxic substances

A

the liver

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6
Q

three things produced by the liver

A

plasma proteins
cholesterol
blood coagulation factors

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7
Q

two surfaces of the liver

A

diaphragmatic
visceral

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8
Q

what attaches the liver to the diaphragm

A

falciform ligament

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9
Q

what does the liver consist of

A

lobes

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10
Q

the liver is strategically placed to process what

A

blood leaving GI tract

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11
Q

the liver prevents what from entering general circulation

A

toxic substances

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12
Q

where bile ducts, hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein are found

A

triad

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13
Q

hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein come together and empty their blood into

A

sinusoids

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14
Q

what kind of cells engulf foreign objects

A

Kupffer cells

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15
Q

Kupffer cells are what kind of unique macrophages

A

self replicating macrophages

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16
Q

proteins made by what enter bloodstream through pores in adjacent sinusoids

A

hepatocytes

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17
Q

bile is excreted by _______ into ______

A

hepatocytes
canaliculi

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18
Q

concentrates and stores bile until needed

A

the gallbladder

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19
Q

bile enters _______ to digest high ____ and ______ concentrations

A

duodenum
fat
peptide

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20
Q

the gallbladder provides means for liver to excrete waste products at what time

A

even when animal is not eating

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21
Q

four things that make up the composition of bile

A

bile salts
phospholipids
cholesterol
bile pigments

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22
Q

enterohepatic circulation begins with secretion of _____ _____ into _______

A

bile salts
canaliculi

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23
Q

bile salts draw water out of _______ and become a _____ _____

A

hepatocytes
liquid bile

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24
Q

bile is released into intestine to

A

emulsify fat

25
Q

bile exits the liver and travels through the hepatic ducts, emptying into the what

A

common bile duct

26
Q

what species do not have gallbladders

A

horses

27
Q

when are bile salts reabsorbed

A

when they reach the ileum

28
Q

bile salts enter what and return to liver

A

hepatic portal vein

29
Q

liver reabsorbs bile salts and recycles them back to what

A

bile

30
Q

amount of bile salts that recirculate from intestine to liver influences what

A

how much bile is synthesized by hepatocytes

31
Q

when stimuli for CCK secretion is gone what happens

A

CCK secretion stops and sphincter of Oddi closes

32
Q

when the sphincter of Oddi closes, bile is diverted into where

A

gallbladder

33
Q

when CCK secretion stops, reabsorption of bile salts and bile acid synthesis is _______

A

diminished

34
Q

heme converted to free or unconjugated ________

A

bilirubin

35
Q

free bilirubin is joined to _______ acid in liver to form a water-soluble bilirubin __________ (conjugated bilirubin)

A

glucuronic
glucuronide

36
Q

conjugated bilirubin is released into ______ and enters into ______ _______

A

bile
small intestine

37
Q

glucuronide is removed from conjugated bilirubin by

A

bacterial enzymes

38
Q

fecal bacteria reduce the bilirubin to what

A

urobilinogen

39
Q

most urobilinogen oxidized to what two things and leaves the body how

A

urobilin and stercobilin
excreted in feces

40
Q

if urobilinogen is taken up by the liver, it is reabsorbed into bile and reenters what

A

enterohepatic circulation

41
Q

remaining urobilinogen is either taken up by the _______ OR bypasses the ______ and goes to the ________ via general circulation

A

liver (x2)
kidneys

42
Q

urobilinogen that goes to kidneys is converted to ______ and is excreted in _______

A

urobilin
urine

43
Q

what route does most of the remaining urobilinogen take

A

liver to enterohepatic circulation

44
Q

what happens if there is increased bilirubin levels in blood

A

animal becomes jaundiced (icteric)

45
Q

three conditions caused by abnormal bilirubin levels

A

pre-hepatic bilirubinemia
hepatic bilirubinemia
post-hepatic bilirubinemia

46
Q

nutrient processing by the liver plays a vital role in what

A

keeping blood glucose levels normal

47
Q

glucose is absorbed from where

A

small intestine

48
Q

glucose enters hepatic _____ _____ and arrives in the liver, where it is metabolized to produce energy

A

portal vein

49
Q

what two things can be converted to glucose by the liver

A

fructose and galactose

50
Q

excess glucose can be stored as

A

glycogen

51
Q

where can glycogen be stored

A

liver
skeletal muscle
adipose cells

52
Q

glycogen can be broken down to glucose when needed

A

glycogenolysis

53
Q

synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

A

gluconeogenesis

54
Q

the product of the liver converting fatty acids to energy - not ideal

A

ketones

55
Q

too many ketones causing metabolic acidosis

A

ketosis

56
Q

two additional functions of the liver

A

protein production
conversion of amino acids into ketoacids

57
Q

the liver produces nearly all the ______ proteins, including ______ and ______ ______ proteins

A

plasma
albumin
blood clotting

58
Q

what two things are ketoacids used for

A

energy production
lipid synthesis

A&P 2 - Digestive System (20 decks)

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