Liver, Bile Duct and Gallbladder Flashcards
largest digestive gland in the body
liver
the liver has a multitude of functions but not many related to what
digestion
the liver secretes substances essential for ______ and absorption of _______
digestion
nutrients
the liver _______ nutrients and regulates their release into the __________
synthesizes
bloodstream
which organ excretes toxic substances
the liver
three things produced by the liver
plasma proteins
cholesterol
blood coagulation factors
two surfaces of the liver
diaphragmatic
visceral
what attaches the liver to the diaphragm
falciform ligament
what does the liver consist of
lobes
the liver is strategically placed to process what
blood leaving GI tract
the liver prevents what from entering general circulation
toxic substances
where bile ducts, hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein are found
triad
hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein come together and empty their blood into
sinusoids
what kind of cells engulf foreign objects
Kupffer cells
Kupffer cells are what kind of unique macrophages
self replicating macrophages
proteins made by what enter bloodstream through pores in adjacent sinusoids
hepatocytes
bile is excreted by _______ into ______
hepatocytes
canaliculi
concentrates and stores bile until needed
the gallbladder
bile enters _______ to digest high ____ and ______ concentrations
duodenum
fat
peptide
the gallbladder provides means for liver to excrete waste products at what time
even when animal is not eating
four things that make up the composition of bile
bile salts
phospholipids
cholesterol
bile pigments
enterohepatic circulation begins with secretion of _____ _____ into _______
bile salts
canaliculi
bile salts draw water out of _______ and become a _____ _____
hepatocytes
liquid bile
bile is released into intestine to
emulsify fat
bile exits the liver and travels through the hepatic ducts, emptying into the what
common bile duct
what species do not have gallbladders
horses
when are bile salts reabsorbed
when they reach the ileum
bile salts enter what and return to liver
hepatic portal vein
liver reabsorbs bile salts and recycles them back to what
bile
amount of bile salts that recirculate from intestine to liver influences what
how much bile is synthesized by hepatocytes
when stimuli for CCK secretion is gone what happens
CCK secretion stops and sphincter of Oddi closes
when the sphincter of Oddi closes, bile is diverted into where
gallbladder
when CCK secretion stops, reabsorption of bile salts and bile acid synthesis is _______
diminished
heme converted to free or unconjugated ________
bilirubin
free bilirubin is joined to _______ acid in liver to form a water-soluble bilirubin __________ (conjugated bilirubin)
glucuronic
glucuronide
conjugated bilirubin is released into ______ and enters into ______ _______
bile
small intestine
glucuronide is removed from conjugated bilirubin by
bacterial enzymes
fecal bacteria reduce the bilirubin to what
urobilinogen
most urobilinogen oxidized to what two things and leaves the body how
urobilin and stercobilin
excreted in feces
if urobilinogen is taken up by the liver, it is reabsorbed into bile and reenters what
enterohepatic circulation
remaining urobilinogen is either taken up by the _______ OR bypasses the ______ and goes to the ________ via general circulation
liver (x2)
kidneys
urobilinogen that goes to kidneys is converted to ______ and is excreted in _______
urobilin
urine
what route does most of the remaining urobilinogen take
liver to enterohepatic circulation
what happens if there is increased bilirubin levels in blood
animal becomes jaundiced (icteric)
three conditions caused by abnormal bilirubin levels
pre-hepatic bilirubinemia
hepatic bilirubinemia
post-hepatic bilirubinemia
nutrient processing by the liver plays a vital role in what
keeping blood glucose levels normal
glucose is absorbed from where
small intestine
glucose enters hepatic _____ _____ and arrives in the liver, where it is metabolized to produce energy
portal vein
what two things can be converted to glucose by the liver
fructose and galactose
excess glucose can be stored as
glycogen
where can glycogen be stored
liver
skeletal muscle
adipose cells
glycogen can be broken down to glucose when needed
glycogenolysis
synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
gluconeogenesis
the product of the liver converting fatty acids to energy - not ideal
ketones
too many ketones causing metabolic acidosis
ketosis
two additional functions of the liver
protein production
conversion of amino acids into ketoacids
the liver produces nearly all the ______ proteins, including ______ and ______ ______ proteins
plasma
albumin
blood clotting
what two things are ketoacids used for
energy production
lipid synthesis
