Liver and Gall Bladder: Pathologies and Tests Flashcards
what is jaundice caused by
abnormally high levels of bilirubin in the blood
what are 4 things that cause abnormally high levels of bilirubin in the blood
- Rapid destruction of RBCs
- Decreased uptake by liver cells
- Decreased conjugation
- Obstruction of bile flow
what disease can gall stones cause relating to bile flow
cholestasis
what is cholestasis
a liver disease where there is decreased bile flow due to impaired secretion by hepatocytes or obstruction of bile flow through intra-or extrahepatic bile ducts
What percentage of adults have gall stones
10-20 % of adults
How many cholecystectomies are there in the UK each year
Over 50,000 cholecystectomies
What general symptoms do gall stones cause
causes:
- Cholesterol supersaturation
- slow gallbladder emptying
- pigment stones from haemolysis
What are 4 risk factors that increase the chance of getting gall stones
- being female
- being fat
- fertility
- forty
What disease can occur if calculus migrates into the bile duct and lodges
Jaundice
What 2 diseases can gallstones generally cause
- Sepsis acute cholecystitis
- Acute cholangitis
What are 4 reasons why cirrhosis occurs and give percentages of their prevalence
- Alcohol abuse (60-70%)
- chronic hepatitis (10%)
- biliary disease (5-10%)
- iron overload (5%)
What is cirrhosis
Hepatocellular damage in liver leading to regeneration and fibrosis
Why are the stellate cells in the liver a major source of the fibrosis caused due to cirrhosis in the liver
they become myofibroblast-like cells when activated
What does the regeneration of the liver result due to cirrhosis
nodule formation
What is hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver
Name 4 versions of hepatitis that are not denoted by the Alphabet
- Epstein-Barr virus
- cytomegalovirus,
- herpes virus
- Yellow fever
Name 6 damages that can occur because of hepatitis
Cell necrosis (death)
Inflammation
Loss of normal architecture
Cholestasis
Fatty change
Fibrosis (in chronic)
What is steatosis
Abnormal retention of lipids in the hepatocytes
Name 3 causes of steatosis
Chronic alcohol intake
Hepatitis C
Metabolic disorders
- What is an example of a metabolic disorder that causes steatosis
diabetes mellitus
What is alcoholic liver disease
Chronic alcohol consumption resulting in 3 liver diseases - hepatic steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis
What 3 liver diseases does chronic alcohol consumption lead to and what is the collective name of these diseases
hepatic steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis
Collective name is: alcoholic liver disease
