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The alimentary system > Liver > Flashcards

Liver Flashcards

1
Q

What are features of the liver

A
  • The largest organ – 1.4kg
  • Receives about 29% of cardiac output
  • Performs essential metabolic and synthetic functions
  • Split into right & left lobe – falciform ligament
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2
Q

What are features of the structure of the liver

A
  • Lobules (~100,000) – 1mm histological divisions
  • Acinus is the functional unit
  • Hepatocytes in the parenchymal tissue
  • It has a Portal Triad
  • Central vein
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3
Q

What does the portal triad consist of

A
  • Portal vein
  • Hepatic artery
  • Bile duct
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4
Q

How many sources of blood supply does the liver get

A

2 sources of blood supply

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5
Q

How many ml of blood does the liver get from the portal vein and the hepatic artery proper every minute respectively?

A
  • 1100ml from portal vein
  • 350ml from hepatic artery proper
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6
Q

What are Kupffer cells

A

Phagocytic cells

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7
Q

What do hepatocytes do

A

Hepatocytes (beige) absorb solutes & secrete materials as the blood passes

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8
Q

Where did sinusoids flow into

A

Sinusoids flow into the central vein

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9
Q

What do central veins merge into to become, and where do those blood vessels empty into

A

Central veins merge to become hepatic veins and empty into the inferior vena cava

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10
Q

What are the functions of hepatocytes

A
  • Adjust circulating levels of nutrients through selective absorption and secretion
  • Secretes bile into adjacent bile canaliculi
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11
Q

What is another name for Kupffer cells

A

another name for Kupffer cells reticuloendothelial cells

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12
Q

What are the functions of Kupffer cells

A
  • engulf pathogens, cell debris & damaged/old RBCs
  • antigen-presenting cells
  • Store iron, some lipids and heavy metals (e.g. tin or mercury)
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13
Q

What is another name for stellate cells

A

another name for stellate cells is Ito cells

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14
Q

What type of cells are the main contributor to liver fibrosis

A

stellate cells

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15
Q

What are functions of the stellate cells

A
  • Lie in the space of Disse
  • Store vitamin A in lipid droplets in their cytoplasm
  • Activated due to liver damage
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16
Q

What is the space of Disse

A

the area between the hepatocytes and sinusoids

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17
Q

What are the 3 general categories for liver function

A
  • Metabolic regulation
  • Haematological regulation
  • Bile production & secretion
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18
Q

How many individual functions does the liver have

A

more than 200 individual functions

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19
Q

What is the liver’s function in relation to the composition of blood

A
  • Regulates composition of blood
  • extracts nutrients and toxins, stores excess nutrients so as to correct deficiencies if needed
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20
Q

What are the metabolic functions of the liver

A
  • Carbohydrate metabolism
  • Lipid metabolism
  • Amino acid metabolism
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21
Q

What is toxic ammonia converted to

A

converted to harmless urea

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22
Q

What are the fat-soluble vitamins

A

vitamins A, D, E & K

23
Q

What vitamins and minerals does the liver store

A
  • Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E & K)
  • B12
  • glycogen
  • Copper
  • Iron
24
Q

What is the value that blood glucose is stabilised

A
  • 90mg/dl
25
Q

What circulating hormones regulate carbohydrate metabolism

A

insulin & glucagon

26
Q

How do hepatocytes synthesise glucose during starvation and what is this process called

A

hepatocytes synthesise glucose from other carbohydrates or amino acids

Process is called: Gluconeogenesis

27
Q

What do hepatocytes do when blood glucose increases

A

hepatocytes store blood glucose as glycogen or use to synthesise lipids

28
Q

What do hepatocytes do when blood glucose decreases

A

hepatocytes break down glycogen reserves to produce blood glucose

29
Q

What circulating levels does the liver regulate in respect to lipid metabolism

A

Liver regulates circulating levels of triglycerides, fatty acids and cholesterol

30
Q

True or False: most lipids absorbed by the GI tract bypass the hepatic portal circulation

A

True

31
Q

What does the liver removing or releasing lipids depend on

A

depends on circulating levels

32
Q

What does the liver use cholesterol for

A

used for production of bile salts

33
Q

What does the liver use amino acids for in respect to amino acid metabolism

A

Used to synthesise proteins

34
Q

Give 3 examples of proteins that the liver synthesises

A
  • Albumin
  • Clotting factors
  • Innate immunity proteins
35
Q

What is albumin used for

A

– albumin for colloid osmotic pressure and transport of bilirubin

36
Q

Give 3 examples of clotting factors that the liver synthesises

A
  • fibrinogen
  • plasminogen
  • prothrombin
37
Q

Give 2 examples of innate immunity proteins that the liver synthesises

A
  • Complement proteins
  • C-reactive protein
38
Q

What are innate immunity proteins produced in the liver used for

A

Acute phase response

39
Q

What is transamination

A

removal of an amino group from amino acids to make non-essential amino acids

40
Q

What is deamination

A

Removal of an amino group when amino acids are converted to lipids or glucose for storage

41
Q

What does deamination produce

A

Produces ammonia

42
Q

What are haematological functions of the liver

A
  • Phagocytosis & antigen-presenting
  • Synthesis of plasma proteins
  • Removal of circulating hormones
  • Removal of antibodies
  • Removal & storage of toxins
43
Q

What are examples of the hormones removed and recycled by the liver

A
  • Adrenalin
  • Noradrenalin
  • Insulin
  • Thyroid hormones
  • Steroid hormones
44
Q

What are antibodies broken down to release by the liver

A
  • Breaks them down to release amino acids
45
Q

Where are lipid soluble toxins stored in and give an example of this

A

stores them in lipid deposits

Example is DDT

46
Q

What happens to non-lipid soluble toxins

A

other toxins are broken down and excreted in bile

47
Q

What cell produces bile

A

Made by hepatocytes

48
Q

What makes up bile

A
  • water
  • bile salts
  • bilirubin
  • cholesterol
  • ions
49
Q

What is Bilirubin

A

Pigment derived from haemoglobin

50
Q

What 2 things are bile salts essential for

A
  • digestion (emulsification)
  • absorption (micelle) of lipids
51
Q

What do water and ions do in bile

A
  • dilutes and buffers acidic chyme
52
Q

Where is bile released into and via what passage

A

Released into duodenum via the common bile duct

53
Q

What stimulates the gall bladder and sphincter of Oddi

A

CCK stimulates gall bladder and sphincter of Oddi

54
Q

Where are bile salts reabsorbed

A

Reabsorbed in ileum

The alimentary system (6 decks)

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