Liver and friends

Question 1

What is albumin production controlled by

Answer 1

1) changes in colloid osmotic pressure

2) osmolality of extravascular liver space

Question 2

What are the uses of albumin?

Answer 2

1) binding and transport
2) maintenance of colloid osmotic pressure
3) free radicals
3) anticoagulant and antithrombotic effects

Question 3

How is clotting factor made active?

Answer 3

By serine protease

Question 4

What is haem oxygenated to (bilirubin metabolism)

Answer 4

Biliverdin

Question 5

What is biliverdin reduced by? And what does it form?

Answer 5

• biliverdin reductase

- yellow bilirubin

Question 6

What is bilirubin conjugated with in the hepatocytes?

Answer 6

Glucaronyltransferase

-produces conjugated bilirubin

Question 7

What does bacteria convert bilirubin into? (In the small intestine)

Answer 7

Urobiliogen

Question 8

Name the components of bile

Answer 8

1) bile salts
2) lectinin
3) cholesterol
4) bicarbonates

Question 9

What does cholecystokinin do in the gall bladder?

Answer 9

Causes contraction and sphincter of oddi to open

Question 10

Name 4 examples of lipids

Answer 10

Cholesterol
Phospholipid
Triglyceride
Fatty acids

Question 11

Name 3 types of lipoproteins

Answer 11

LDL
HDL
Chylomicrons

Question 12

How is cholesterol transported

Answer 12

As cholesterolester in lipoproteins

Question 13

How is cholesterol converted into cholesterolester

Answer 13

• acyl-coa-cholesterol acyltranaferase

- lectihin-cholesterol acyltranaferase

Question 14

Name 3 effects of insulin on adipose tissue

Answer 14

1) allows for fat storage
2) stimulates lipoprotein lipase formation
3) reduces activity of hormone sensitive lipase(less FA out of cell)

Question 15

Where does lipogenesis occur

Answer 15

In the cytosol of the liver

Question 16

What does lipoprotein lipase do?

Answer 16

Hydrolyzes triglycerides into 2FFA’s + 2 mono glycerol

Question 17

Name the 4 steps of mitochondrial B oxidation

Answer 17

1) Dehydrogenation
2) Hydration
3) Dehydrogenation
4) Thiolytic cleavage

Question 18

What happens in the first dehydrogenation step of mitochondrial oxidation?

Answer 18

Acyltranaferase-CoA dehydrogenase + FAD remove 2H from C2+C3 forming trans-Enoyl CoA

Question 19

Which part of the pancreas is formed from the ventral part?

Answer 19

Head

Question 20

Which part of the pancreas is formed from the dorsal part?

Answer 20

Body

Question 21

What is the blood supply of the pancreas

Answer 21

1) Coeliac trunk
2) Hepatic artery
3) Splenic artery

Question 22

What type of channels are the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance channels(CFTR)?

Answer 22

Chloride

Question 23

Name 3 phases of pancreatic production

Answer 23

1) Cephalic phase
2) Gastric phase
3) Intestinal phase

Question 24

Where do inputs of amino acids in the liver come from?

Answer 24

1) Dietary AA
2) Alanine from muscles
3) Glutamine from muscles

Question 25

What are excess amino acids converted into? (In hepatocytes)

Answer 25

Alpha keto acids

Question 26

What is ketoglucarate converted into? And what is it catalysed by?

Answer 26

• Glutamate

- Aminotransferase

Question 27

What is the glucose-alanine cycle?

Answer 27

A cycle where muscle protein is degraded to provide more glucose to generate additional ATP for muscle contraction

Question 28

Where is the majority of B12 uptake

Answer 28

Terminal ileal cells

Question 29

What is the transcapillary escape rate determined by?

Answer 29

1) capillary + interstitial free albumin conc
2) capillary permeability to albumin
3) movement of solute/solvent
4) electrical charge across wall (albumin = -ve)

Question 30

How is Vit b12 transported in the systemic circulation?

Answer 30

TcII-B12 or TcI-B12

Question 31

What is the purpose of Vit A?

Answer 31

1) Embryonic development
2) Occular development
3) Brain maintenance

Question 32

What joins together to form the ampulla of vater?

Answer 32

Common bile duct and pancreatic duct

Question 33

What controls the release of bile and pancreatic fluid?

Answer 33

Sphincter of Oddi

Question 34

What is peroxisome B Oxidation

Answer 34

Detoxification of;

1) long chained fatty acids
2) 2 methyl branched fatty acids

Question 35

CO2+H20->H+ + HCO3- is catalysed by what enzyme?

Answer 35

Carbonic anhydrase