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4th Semester: Pathology II > Liver > Flashcards

Liver Flashcards

1
Q

The largest visceral organ in the body is the

A

Liver

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2
Q

The liver takes up __% of cardiac output

A

25%

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3
Q

The liver is the largest, taking up 3 - 4% of the body weight in these animals

A

Carnivores

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4
Q

What are the 4 components of the portal tract

that form an abrupt border with a circumferential row

of hepatocytes termed the “Limiting Plate”?

A

Hepatic artery

Bile duct

Portal vein

Lymphatic vessels

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5
Q

80% of liver mass is comprised of _____

A

hepatocytes

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6
Q

What is the function of Stellate cells, also known as

“Lipocytes” or “Ito cells”?

A

Produce and maintain the extracellular matrix

Store vitamin A

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7
Q

The regional macrophages of the liver

that participate in immune and regenerative response

A

Kupffer cells

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8
Q

______ can be elevated early and are

biomarkers of liver injury

A

liver enzymes

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9
Q

This zone surrounds the portal triads

and are closest to the portal tract

A

Zone 1

Centroacinar/Periportal

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10
Q

This zone is the intermediate or midlobular area

A

Zone 2

Midzonal

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11
Q

This zone surrounds the central veins

A

Zone 3

Periacinar/Centrilobular

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12
Q

Increased catabolism

Decreased blood flow or bile flow

Pressure

Would cause this liver response

A

Atrophy

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13
Q

Oval stem cells can differentiate into these two

components

A

Hepatocytes

Bile duct epithelium

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14
Q

____% of the liver can regenerate in one week

A

60%

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15
Q

Hepatocellular regeneration is ______

A

nodular

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16
Q

What is the response by the liver to

Repeated toxic injury

Parasitic Migration

Cirrhosis

A

Replacement by Fibrosis

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17
Q

Liver is usually _____ in size when affected

by cirrhosis

A

reduced

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18
Q

Capsular fibrosis in horses

and

Tension lipidosis in horses and cattle are

_______ lesions

A

incidental

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19
Q

What are the post mortem changes that occur

in the liver?

A

Pale irregular foci

Greenish-black discoloration near the intestine

Emphysema

Autolysis

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20
Q

What type of liver necrosis is seen in

bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections?

A

Multifocal liver necrosis

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21
Q

What type of zonal liver necrosis is seen in

toxicity?

A

Periportal necrosis

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22
Q

Centroacinar, Periacinar, and Centrilobular zonal

necrosis are seen in cases of ______

A

hypoxia

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23
Q

What is one of the most common causes of

Massive Hepatic Necrosis?

A

Hepatosis Dietetica of Swine

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24
Q

Hepatosis Dietetica of Swine is one of the

most common causes of Massive Hepatic Necrosis

and is associated with

generation of ________

and

deficiency of _______ and ______

A

generation of free radicals

and

deficiency of vitamin E and selenium

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25
Q

Congenital Polycystic Liver Disease

is characterized by multiple cysts in the

liver and kidney that may result in mortality due to

______ or ______ failure

A

Liver or Renal Failure

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26
Q

Ventral hernias and diaphragmatic hernias

are _____________

of the liver

A

developmental abnormalities

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27
Q

Acute congestion causes slight

_______ of the liver and a

prominent reticular pattern

which is due to ________ congestion

A

enlargement

centrilobular congestion

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28
Q

Chronic passive congestion causes

“_______ liver”

and a reticulated pattern which is due to

______ congestion

A

Nutmeg Liver

Zonal Congestion

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29
Q

T/F:

Liver infarcation/ischemia is very rare

A

TRUE

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30
Q

This syndrome, due to hepatic vein thrombosis

is characterized by

Hepatomegaly, Ascites, and Abdominal Pain

A

Budd-Chiari Syndrome

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31
Q

When blood within the portal venous system

bypasses the liver and drains into the

posterior vena cava or the azygous vein

A

Portosystemic shunt

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32
Q

This congenital circulatory disturbance of the liver

is grossly characterized by

Hepatic encephalopathy, Ascites, and Liver Atrophy

and histologically characterized by

small hepatocytes and small portal veins, but

LARGE and PROMINENT hepatic arterioles

A

Congenital Portosystemic Shunt

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33
Q

What are the 3 portal hepatotropic factors

A

Insulin

Glucagon

Amino acids

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34
Q

Chronic portal hypertension

characterized by multiple thin walled tortuous blood vessels

can cause this acquired circulatory disturbance

which is indicative of liver disease

A

Acquired Portosystemic Shunt

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35
Q

Presence of focal areas in which sinusoids are dilated

and filled with blood

A

Telangiectasis

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36
Q

Telangiectasis, which grossly can be described as

irregular circumscribed dark red foci of the

cavernous ectasia of sinusoids

is common in what two species?

A

Cattle

Old cats

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37
Q

In order to histologically diagnose

Fat accumulations in the liver

(hepatic lipidosis or steatosis)

What stain must be used?

A

Oil Red O

or

Osmium tetroxide (stains intracellular triglycerides)

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38
Q

In order to histologically diagnose

Glycogen accumulation in the liver

What stain must be used?

A

PAS stain

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39
Q

In order to histologically diagnose

Amyloid accumulation in the liver

What stain must be used?

A

Congo-Red stain

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40
Q

In order to histologically diagnose

Copper accumulation in the liver

What stain must be used?

A

Rhodanine (Rubeanic acid)

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41
Q

Fat accumulation in the liver

is usually reversible in mild cases, but can lead to

these 4 conditions

A

Hepatic necrosis

Fatty cysts

Fat embolism

Liver rupture

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42
Q

Fatty livers are more susceptible to

______ damage and ______ injury

A

toxic damage

and

traumatic injury

43
Q

Toxic and Anoxic injury to the liver

causes injury to hepatocytes and

_____ _____ can occur due to

decreased formation and exportation of lipoproteins

and

decreased oxidation of fatty acids

A

Fatty Degeneration

44
Q

Where is glycogen normally stored?

A

hepatocytes

45
Q

Excess storage of glycogen occurs in

which 2 diseases due to excessive levels of glucocorticoids?

A

Diabetes mellitus

Hyperadrenocorticism (Steroid-induced hepatopathy)

46
Q

Steroid-induced hepatopathy (glycogen accumulation)

causes enlargement of the liver due to

swollen hepatocytes in the _____ areas

47
Q

Where do amyloids usually accumulate?

A

The Space of Disse

48
Q

Amyloid accumulation in the Space of Disse

causes atrophy of

A

hepatic cords

49
Q

Abyssian cats

Siamese cats

Sharpei dogs

are predisposed to this accumulation in the liver

A

Amyloid accumulation

50
Q

Prolonged antigenic stimulation due to

chronic infection, or repeated inoculations of an

antigen can cause this type of hepatic accumulation

A

Amyloidosis

51
Q

Excess copper is toxic and accumulations of copper in the liver can be caused by

Grazing on pastures low in ______

A

molybdenum

52
Q

Bedlington terriers, West highland white terriers,

Dalmatians, Cats, and Long Evans Cinnamon rats

are all predisposed to this type of accumulation in the liver

53
Q

What is the most common route of hepatitis?

A

Hematogenous (blood-borne) route

54
Q

Inflammation of the liver primarily affecting hepatocytes

55
Q

Inflammation of the bile ductules and liver parenchyma

A

Cholangiohepatitis

56
Q

Multifocal Hepatic Necrosis is caused by this

viral agent which is characterized by

intranuclear inclusion bodies surrounded by inflammatory cells inside the necrotic hepatocytes

A

Herpesvirus

57
Q

This viral agent of hepatitis causes

Infectious Canine Hepatitis/ Rubarth’s Disease/

Fox Encephalitis

which is a highly contagious peracute disease

in dogs

A

Canine Adenovirus 1

58
Q

Diagnose the disease:

Gross features include an enlarged, congested, friable liver, paint brush hemorrhages, corneal edema “blue eye” in survivors

Histological features include periacinar individual cell necrosis of hepatocytes, and intranuclear basophilic inclusion bodies

A

Infectious Canine Hepatitis

Canine Adenovirus 1

59
Q

This hepatitis causing disease is caused by

Pegivirus and occurs 1-2 months after injection with a biological product of equine serum origin.

“Dish Rag” Liver is pathognomonic for this disease

A

Equine Serum Hepatitis

(Theiler’s Disease)

60
Q

Which 4 bacterias can cause

multifocal hepatitis in fetuses and neonates especially?

A
  • Salmonellosis*
  • Listeriosis*
  • Campylobacteriosis*
  • Actinobacillosis*
61
Q

Bacillary hemoglobinuria

affects cattle and sheep and is seen grossly

as a single large area of necrosis in the liver

A

Clostridium haemolyticum

62
Q

What toxin is responsible for inducing

hepatocellular necrosis and intravascular hemolysis

in Bacillary Hemoglobinuria

A

Phospholipase C

63
Q

Black Disease (Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis)

affects sheep and is grossly seen as

small and numerous areas of necrosis in the liver

is caused by what bacteria?

A

Clostridium novyi Type B

64
Q

Tyzzer’s Disease which affects rodents and severely immunocompromised young animals

and causes multifocal necrotic hepatitis

is caused by which bacterial agent?

A

Clostridium piliforme

65
Q

What stain is used to demonstrate the

bundles of long bacilli in hepatocytes

termed “Pick Up Sticks” in Tyzzer’s Disease?

A

Silver (Warthin-Starry) Stain

66
Q

What is implicated in causing the icterus

in animals infected with Leptospirosis?

A

Cholestasis

67
Q

Which 4 bacteria can cause liver abscesses?

A
  • Fusobacterium necrophorum*
  • Trueperella pyogenes*
  • Streptococcus*
  • Staphylococcus*
68
Q

Which lobe of the liver is more frequently affected

by bacterial liver abscesses?

69
Q

Which 3 agents can cause Granulomas

of the liver?

A

Fungi: Blastomycosis and Histoplasmosis

Bacteria: Mycobacterium avium (Tuberculosis)

70
Q

Which fungi, usually secondary to mycotic rumenitis in cattle, can cause hepatitis?

A
  • Aspergillus fumigatus*
  • Histoplasma capsulatum*
  • Cryptococcus neoformans*
  • Coccidioides immitis*
  • Sporothrix schenkii*
71
Q

Yeasts of Histoplasma are found within the

cytoplasm of

A

Kupffer cells

72
Q

Which nematode is implicated in causing

“Milk Spots” or areas of fibrous tissue and eosinophils in the portal units of the liver in a pig?

A

Ascaris suum

73
Q

This trematode causes “pipestem” lesions in the liver

A

Fasciola hepatica

74
Q

Where do mature Fasciola hepatica flukes reside?

A

Bile ducts

75
Q

Where do adult Fascioloides magna flukes reside?

A

Cysts in the liver parenchyma

76
Q

Echinococcus granulosus cestodes

form hydatid cysts in the liver. These cysts

are the _______ stage of the disease

A

intermediate!!

77
Q

Which protozoal agent causes

Coccidiosis in rabbits

which grossly appears as multiple, raised, off-white nodules scattered throughout the liver

and histologically appears as

proliferative cholangitis with intralesional organisms?

A

Eimeria stiedae

78
Q

This protozoal agent causes “target lesions” on the liver which are areas of multifocal granulomatous hepatitis in the disease “Black Head” of Turkeys

A

Histomonas meleagridis

79
Q

Blue-green algae is hepatotoxic.

The main preformed toxin of blue-green algae is

A

Microcystin

80
Q

Which agent of hepatotoxicity causes

acute centrilobular to massive hepatic necrosis

as well as

acute hemorrhagic gastritis?

A

Blue-Green Algae

81
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of

Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Hepatotoxicity

A

Alkaloids are converted to toxic pyrrolic esters by

biotransformation via the cytochrome p450 system in the liver

82
Q

What is the most common form of

Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Toxicity?

A

Chronic with fibrosis

83
Q

What hepatotoxic agent can cause

photodynamic dermatitis in horses?

A

Alsike Clover

84
Q

What is the most common and most potent

fungal Aflatoxin?

85
Q

What type of mycotoxin is converted to a toxic intermediate in the liver, is carcinogenic, and causes

Periacinar to massive hepatocellular necrosis and lipidosis in dogs

and periportal necrosis in ducklings?

A

Aflatoxins

86
Q

This mycotoxin is found on dead ryegrass in

warm climates, like Australia or New Zealand

and is toxic to bile duct epithelium?

A

Sporidesmis

87
Q

Which mycotoxin causes photosensitization

and facial edema

in sheep?

A

Sporidesmin

88
Q

Which mycotoxin grows on lupines and causes

chronic liver damage in herbivores?

89
Q

What does mycotoxins of poisonous mushrooms of the Amanita spp. do to the liver in dogs?

A

Fatal acute periacinar to massive hepatocellular necrosis

90
Q

Which species is particularly susceptible to copper toxicosis which causes an accumulation of copper within the lysosymes and released during stress

leading to

massive hepatic necrosis?

91
Q

Trimethoprim-sulfonamide is hepatotoxic to

this breed of dog

A

Doberman pinschers

92
Q

In order for hepatic encephalopathy to occurs

a shunting of ____% of portal blood must occur

93
Q

What is the main toxic substance in

hepatic encephalopathy?

94
Q

What type of jaundice is caused by

overproduction of bilirubin

or

hemolysis?

A

Prehepatic jaundice

95
Q

What type of jaundice is caused by

decreased uptake, conjugation, or secretion of bilirubin,

severe hepatocellular injury, or

impairment of flow within the canaliculi?

A

Hepatic Jaundice

96
Q

What type of jaundice is caused by

reduced outflow of bile in extrahepatic bile ducts and gallbladder due to mechanical obstruction?

A

Posthepatic Jaundice

97
Q

Bile pigment is found in these two entities in animals

with hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice)

A

Canaliculi

Hepatocytes

98
Q

Mechanical obstruction of bile ducts

A

Cholestasis

99
Q

Mechanical obstruction of gallbladder

A

Cholilithiasis

100
Q

Hepatocellular Carcinoma is a malignant

solitary, locally extensive (involves entire lobe)

tumor that is most often seen in

101
Q

Cells arranged in a trabecular pattern, 3 or more cells thick is characteristic of this type of hepatic neoplasia

A

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

102
Q

This bile duct tumor is multilobulated, firm, raised, and with central areas of depression (umbilicated)

A

Cholangiocellular Carcinoma

103
Q

This tumor of mesenchymal origin is rapidly growing and highly invasive. It is almost always in dogs and very rare in cats. It is the most common tumor to cause hemorrhage into the abdomen

A

Hemangiosarcoma

4th Semester: Pathology II (3 decks)

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