Alimentary System Flashcards
Central defect in the midline fusion of the palatine shelves that results in communication between oral and nasal cavities.
Cleft Palate
(Palatoschisis)
Short lower jaw
Brachygnathia
Protrusion of lower jaw
Prognathia
A primary disease of the tongue
seen primarily in cattle
and is characterized histologically by
Splendore-Hoeppli Phenomenon
Actinobacillois
Actinobacillus ligniersii
“Wooden Tongue”
Radiating clubs of amorphous eosinophilic material
found in histology of Actinobacillosis
Splendore-Hoeppli Phenomenon
What is the etiology of Thrush?
Candida albicans
Young animals treated with antibiotics for
long periods of time are prone to development of
this disease of the tongue
Thrush
Candidiasis
Lingual lesions are usually a manifestion of
_______ disease
systemic
Inflammation of the mouth or lips is called
Stomatitis
What is the etiology of Vesicular Glossitis
in a cat?
Calicivirus
What do you expect to see histologically in
an animal with
Viral Vesicular Stomatitides?
Ballooning Degeneration
(Intracellular edema in keratinocytes)
What is the etiology of Foot and Mouth Disease?
Picornavirus
While Foot and Mouth Disease, a reportable disease,
is seen in ruminants and pigs,
it is NEVER seen in
Horses
The malignant form of this disease of young animals
is characterized by myocardial necrosis, also
known as “Tiger Heart”
Foot and Mouth Disease
Bovine Viral Diarrhea and Malignant Catarrhal Fever
in cows both can manifest as
this condition, caused by Rhabdovirus
Vesicular Stomatitis
You have a pig with blistering and sloughing of the nose. What is your primary differential, and what is
the etiology?
Vesicular Exanthema of Swine (VES)
Calicivirus
What is the etiology of Swine Vesicular Disease?
Enterovirus
One of your cows presents with
papules on her nares, muzzle, and oral cavity.
The papules are “coin-shaped”.
Upon histology, ballooning degeneration with intracytoplasmic inclusions is noted.
What is your cow sufferering from and what is the etiology?
Bovine Papular Stomatitis
Parapoxvirus
You notice lesions in the corners of the mouths
of your 3 month old lambs, and 6 month old goats.
You’ve also noticed they are losing weight.
What is your number 1 differential and etiology?
Contagious Ecthyma (ORF)
Parapoxvirus
Necrotizing Stomatitis in young cattle, also known as
Calf Diphtheria, is caused by which gram-negative,
opportunistic, residential pathogen of the alimentary
tract?
Fusobacterium necrophorum
What stain is used to show
Fusobacterium necrophorum
filamentous bacteria on histology?
PAS Stain
T/F:
Gingival Hyperplasia is a neoplastic proliferative
lesion of the oral cavity
FALSE
It is NON-neoplastic
Tumors of the periodontal ligament are called
Epulis
Which types of Epulis are BENIGN?
Fibromatous and Ossifying Epulis
Oral Melanomas are most common in
______ and about 90% of oral melanomas
in this species are MALIGNANT
DOGS
This congenital disorder is caused when the
ligamentum arteriosum cuts off the esophagus.
It is commonly seen in animals with
PRAA (Persistent Right Aortic Arch)
Congenital Megaesophagus
Sometimes, Megaesophagus can be acquired.
An example in dogs of an acquired megaesophagus
is due to manifestation of this disease.
Myasthenia gravis
Impaction of the esophagus, usually in large animals
is known as
CHOKE
T/F:
Choke is more serious in horses and requires
immediate medical treatment
FALSE
Choke is more serious in CATTLE
Failure to eructate can lead to development
of Gas-Free Bloat
This disease can be a cause of
Erosive-Ulcerative Esophagitis
in cows
Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)
Parasitic Esophagitis, caused by
________ in dogs, results in
chronic granulomatous esophagitis
and can occasionally lead to neoplastic transformation
Spirocerca lupi
If you have an Esophageal Osteosarcoma in a dog,
a parasitic cause could be:
Spirocerca lupi
Over-distension of the rumen and reticulum
by gases produced during fermentation
is called “Bloat” or _________
Ruminal Tympany
This is the most reliable post-mortem
indicator of ante-mortem bloat
Bloat line
Which type of Ruminal Tympany is often
associated with new diets that promote
formation of stable foam?
Primary Ruminal Tympany
Vagus Indigestion, Esophageal Papillomas, and Lymphosarcoma, are all potential causes of this type of Ruminal Tympany caused by physical or functional obstruction of the esophagus resulting in failure to eructate
Secondary Ruminal Tympany
Also known as “Hardware Disease”, this condition develops primarily in mature dairy cows as a
consequence of perforation of the reticulum by
a sharp metal object, like baling wire
Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis
What is the agent that produces large amounts of lactic acid causing Chemical Rumenitis in Cattle?
Streptococcus bovis
Chemical Rumenitis is also known as
Grain Overload
“Stellate ulcers” or Ruminal scars
are indicative of this disease of the
ruminant forestomachs
Chemical Rumenitis
“Grain Overload”
This life-threatening condition is most
common in large, deep-chested breeds of dogs
and can also be seen in sows following excessive intake of food and subsequent immediate physical activity
Gastric Dilation Volvulus (GDV)
Abomasal Displacement occurs most commonly
in
post-partrurient dairy cows
The most common form of abomasal displacement is the _____-sided form and it is usually
non-fatal
left-sided abomasal displacement
Most cases of gastric rupture are in
_____ and due to
intestinal obstructions (ileus)
horses
Pigs fed finely ground rations with a high wheat
component are prone to developing what condition?
Gastric ulcerations
What is the main cause of gastric ulcers in horses?
NSAIDS
(which decrease prostaglandins which have a protective role in the mucosa)
This tumor can lead to gastric ulceration in a dog
Cutaneous mast cell tumors
Uremic gastritis seen in dogs and cats, is related to renal disease and causes
widespread gastric mineralization,
which can be seen histologically by using
this stain
Von Kossa
Abomasitis in a lamb is called Braxy/Bradsot and is
caused by this agent, which is responsible for
the necro-hemorrhagic and submucosal emphysematic components of the disease.
Clostridium septicum
Mycotic Gastritis/Abomasitis is seen in
ruminents and is often a sequela to
_________________________
which destroys resident flora and promotes the growth of angioinvasive fungi such as
Aspergillus
Long-term antibiotic therapy
Parasitic gastritis in horses is usually caused by this
agent, and can cause erosive-ulcerative lesions
- Gastrophilus intestinalis*
- Gastrophilis intestinalis*
This condition is caused by Ostertagia ostertagii
and is seen as a “Moroccan Leather” appearance of
the abomasal mucosa
Proliferative Hyperplastic Abomasitis
This condition, seen in horses
is caused by Draschia megastoma
and a brood pouch of this spirurid nematode is seen
near to the margo plicatus
Granulomatous Gastritis
This trichostrongyloid nematode, also know as
the “Barber Pole Worm” causes a
Parasitic Abomasitis in Sheep and Goats
which often present with
bottle jaw (submandibular edema)
Haemonchus contortus
Gastric Squamous Cell Carcinoma is seen most often in
HORSES
The most common segmental anomaly
of the intestine of domestic animals
Atresia coli
Complete occlusion/obliteration of the intestinal lumen
Atresia
Imperforate anus can cause prominent megacolon
and is also known as
Atresia ani
This is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder
most prevalent in the foals of American Paint Horses.
Lethal White Syndrome
In this condition, there is an absence of
myenteric and submucosal parasympathetic ganglia
in the walls of the ileum, cecum, and colon
which causes intestinal immotility and colic
Lethal White Syndrome in foals
Caused by a foreign body and composed of concentric lamellae of magnesium and
ammonium phosphate (struvite)
deposited around a central “nucleus”,
this acquired obstruction can weigh up to
10 kgs!
Enterolith
What is a Trichobezoar?
A hairball in cattle
located in the forestomachs or abomasum
and can also be found in dogs and cats
This acquired obstruction composed mainly of
plant material impregnated with phosphate salts
can be found in the colon of horses
Phytobezoars
or
Phytotrichobezoars
An example of an
Acquired Stenosis (narrowing of a blood vessel)
within the GI Tract is a rectal stricture
which can have a bacterial etiology.
What is the etiology?
Salmonella
Chronic Salmonellosis
An external hernia where the displaced
abomasal contents are NOT covered by parietal peritoneum or skin is called
Eventration
A horse presents with severe colic
but it is completely unresponsive to
palliative treatment to control the pain.
What is your primary differential?
Intestinal intussusception
Enteritis, Typhylitis, Colitis, Enterocolitis, Typhocolitis,
and Proctitis are all terms used to describe specific
regions of inflammation of the _______
intestines
BVD (Bovine Viral Diarrhea)
is caused by _____
and most cattle develop the mild or subclinical form
Pestivirus
Peyer’s Patch Necrosis is a viral enteritis that
occurs commonly in PI animals. Affected cattle
are young, between the ages of 6 months to 2 years old. This disease is the most severe form of mucosal disease.
What is the etiology?
Salmonella typhi
This disease is caused by
Gammaherpesvirus and affects ruminants.
It causes erosions and mucopurulent exudation of the intestinal tract as well as a fibrino-necrotizing vasculitis
Malignant Catarrha Fever (MCF)
This disease in piglets is caused by a
Coronavirus which damages mucosal epithelium
resulting in severe villous atrophy (blunting) and fusion
TGE (Transmissible Gastroenteritis)
Bone marrow lesions dominate the clinical findings of
Parvovirus Enteritis in cats, which is caused by
another virus…
Feline Panleukopenia Virus
Cats and dogs with Parvovirus enteritis
have different clinical presentations.
Cats present with bone marrow lesions
while
Puppies present with ______ lesions
and necrotizing enteritis
intestinal
A fatal viral disease in cats caused by a
Coronavirus and characterized by
enteric signs, like bloating
Feline Infectious Peritonitis
________ is an important viral cause of neonatal diarrhea
and
__________ is an important bacterial cause of neonatal diarrhea
- Coronavirus*
- E. coli (bacteria)*
This type of bacterial enteritis causes
secretory diarrhea in
neonatal pigs, calves, and lambs
Enterotoxigenic colibacillosis
This type of colibacillosis occurs because of
failure of passive transfer of maternal antibodies
in neonatal calves, pigs, and foals.
Surprising, although being caused by E.coli,
enteritis is NOT common- but sudden death is
Septicemic colibacillosis
Edema Disease in pigs is caused by this bacteria
E. coli
Edema Disease (Enterotoxemic collibacillosis):
The bacteria endotoxin that causes endothelial
cell damage in arterioles resulting in
fluid loss, edema, and focal bilaterally symmetric
encephalomalacia in post- weaning pigs
VEROtoxin
Clostridial Enterotoxemia
is caused by Clostridium _______
Types A - E
Clostridium perfringens
What is the most common type of
Clostridial Enterotoxemia
and what toxin does it produce?
Type D is most common
Produces an angiotoxin called epsilon toxin
that causes intestinal lesions and
focal symmetrical encephalomalacia in Sheep
A pig farmer wakes up to sheer chaos.
His most well nourished pigs are all either dead or
dying in their own bloody diarrhea.
Upon histology, necrotic villi are lined with gram
postive bacteria.
What is your primary differential?
Clostridial Enterotoxemia
caused by Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium piliforme causes this disease
that occurs in multiple species and causes lesions
in the liver mainly, but also in the intestines and heart
Tyzzer’s Disease
This is a typhlocolitis in horses and is the
result of Dysbacteriosis.
It is associated with dietary changes and antibiotic therapy which leads to proliferation of
- Clostridium perfringens Type A*
- and*
- Clostridium difficile*
Colitis X
Colitis X in horses
involves proliferation of what two toxigenic
gram positive bacilli bacteria?
- Clostridium perfringens Type A*
- and*
- Clostridium difficile*
T/F:
All Salmonella species are pathogenic
TRUE
What is a common sequela of Salmonellosis
in horses?
Embolic mycotic pneumonia
What is a common sequela of Salmonellosis
in pigs?
BUTTON ulcers!
Lawsonia intracellularis causes this disease in pigs
Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy
Pigs between the ages of 8 - 14 weeks old
are presenting with large bowel diarrhea
and feces with mucous and blood.
What is the name of this disease?
What is the etiology? The EDx?
Swine Dysentery
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
EDx: Spirochetal colitis
A 6-week old foal presents with
suppurative pyogranulomatous pneumonia,
enteric umbilicated lesions, and regional lymphadenitis.
Histology shows bacteria within the cytoplasm of macrophages.
What is the etiology of this disease?
Rhodococcus equi Enterocolitis
What is the etiology of Johne’s Disease?
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis
T/F:
Young animals are the most commonly affected animals of Johne’s Disease
FALSE
OLDER animals (>1.5 years old) are affected
Your 2-year old cow presents with diarrhea and is starting to look thin. CBC shows hypoproteinemia
and histology of lesions found in the intestinal tract
show acid-fast organisms within the macrophages.
This disease causes granulomatous enteritis and
granulomatous lymphangitis. What is the disease and its etiology?
Johne’s Disease
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis
Adherent and invasive E.coli is associated with
histioulcerative granulomatous colitis, which is
similar to human Crohn’s Disease
in this breed of dog
BOXER dogs
Granulomatous colitis
What stain do you use to visualize the
gram negative coccobacilli within
macrophages
inside the lamina propria in Granulomatous Colitis of Boxer Dogs?
PAS Stain
Diagnosis of this coccidial enteritis in calves
is made by finding protozoal organisms attached
to the apical surface of enterocytes
Cryptosporidiosis
Proliferative, Hemorrhagic, Necrotizing enteritis
Which 2 species of hookworms infect dogs and
cause significant anemia and hypoproteinemia
due to their blood-sucking nature.
- Anclystoma caninum*
- Uncinaria stenocephala*
The hookworm larvae of dogs can be found
in this substance
implicated in the maternal infection of puppies
Colostrum
This hookworm species in horses
are found around and within the
ileocecal valve
Anoplocephala perfoliata
This species of whipworm can infect
all domestic animals and are found in the
cecum and colon. Severe infections lead to
bloody diarrhea, anemia, weight loss and dehydration
Trichuris spp.
These roundworms of pigs can cause
“Milk Spotted Liver” and respiratory issues.
Ascaris suum
Ascaris suum ______ worms penetrate the
intestinal mucosa
JUVENILE
Most primary tumors of the intestine are
_________
carcinomas
________ are the most common neoplasm
in cats. The alimentary form is the most common in cats.
Lymphosarcomas
A ruptured lymphosarcoma can cause
fatal _________
peritonitis
