Liver Flashcards
Ductus venosus becomes
Ligamentum venosum
Umbilical vein becomes
Ligamentum teres/ round ligament after birth
Opens back in portal htn. Re canalized umbilical vein.
Largest organ in the body
Liver
Liver is an intraperitoneal organ except the
Bare area. (Area not covered by peritoneum) adj to GB fossa, porta hepatis, and area surrounding IVC.
Liver
Weighs 1500grams Trvs 20-22.5 cm AP 20-12.5 L 15-20 cm Convex at diaphragm concave at visceral surface
Glisson’s capsule aka visceral peritoneum
Fibroelastic connective tissue covering the liver. Has vessels, lymphatics, & nerves.
Ligaments
Coronary: where parietal becomes visceral layer. Gives rise to rt & lt triangular ligament
Falciform ligament: divides r & l lobes
Round ligament/Ligamentum Teres
Rt triangular
Lt triangular / lateral ligament
Gastrohepatic
Hepatoduodenal
Ligamentum venosum/hepatogastric lig (post to liver): separates lt lobe & caudate
Anatomical division
- ) Right lobe (includes caudate and quadrate)
- ) Left love
Further divided…4 lobes
- ) right
- ) left
- ) caudate
- ) quadrate
Segmental division
- ) right lobe
- ) left lobe (including quadrate)
- ) caudate
Couinaud Segments
Used for liver resection
- ) caudate lobe
- ) lateral segment lt lobe sup
- ) lateral segment lt lobe inf
- ) quadrate/ medial segment lt lobe sup and inf
- ) ant segment rt lobe inf
- ) posterior segment rt lobe inf
- ) post segment rt lobe sup
- ) ant segment rt lobe sup
Liver blood supply and drainage
Hepatic artery: O2 rich
Portal vein: nutrient rich. Most of liver is supplied by PV
Hepatic veins into ivc drains
Liver function carried out by
Hepatocytes, biliary epithelial cells, kupffer cells (phagocytes)
Liver functions
Digestion, carb metabolism, storage, protein metabolism, detoxification
LFT’s
Alt, AST, bilirubin, alk phos, LDH, alp, ggtp/ggt inc with alcohol abuse, pt, dec albumin, afp inc cancer.
Reidel’s lobe
Tongue like projection of rt lobe
Transplant Doppler
Normal: RI < 0.8, acceleration time < 0.08, low resistant artery wave.
PRF, 45-60*, depth, sm color box, gain, wall filter, power Doppler on slow flow.
Most common liver transplant complication
Ischemic reprofusion injury
Rejection confirmed with biopsy
2nd most common = hepatic artery stenosis
Stenosis
Distal tardus parvus wave, vel > 200 cm/s, color aliasing at stenosis
Hepatic veins
Right middle left
Ligamentum venosum divides
Medial segment Left lobe and caudate lobe.
Remnant of ductus venosus
Ligamentum teres divides
Medial and lateral segments of the left lobe.
Lab decreases with chronic liver disease
Serum albumin
What liver segment is between the left hepatic vein and the middle hepatic vein?
MSLL
Reticuloendothelial tissue activity
Digestion of hemoglobin released from ruptured red blood cells.
Phagocytic function of the liver is carried out by
Kupffer cells
What are the boundaries of the quadrate lobe?
GB fossa, lig teres
Milan criteria for patient with HCC
No lesion > 5cm,
Reye’s syndrome
Associates with pediatric use of aspirin
Von Gierkes Type I
MC Glycogen storage disease
Wilson’s disease
Copper disease. Must avoid organ foods such as liver kidney heart nuts and dried beans.
Brown rings around eyes called Kayser-Fleischer Ring
Schistosomiasis
Turtle back liver. From snails in water penetrate skin. Leads to portal htn & pipe stem cirrhosis
Portal vein occlusion by the larvae leads to portal htn, splenomegaly, ascites, and varices
Amoebiasis
Protozoa amoeba can lead to liver dysfunction and abscess, primarily affects colon.
Candidiasis
Fungus balls, immunosuppressed
Echinococcus / Hydatid disease
Honey comb appearance/water lily sign/ lily pad, tapeworm, dog poop in sheep heard and humans eat infected sheep. Egg travels through portal to liver.
Echinococcal cyst/hydatid cyst/daughter cyst
Large cyst with small daughter cysts. Hydatid sand internal echoes seen.
Changes & can turn into collapsed calcified mass.
Pneumocystitis
Pneumocystis Carinii
Affects lungs mostly, immunosuppressed patients. Numerous echogenic foci
MC organism to affect AIDs patients 80%. May manifest as pneumonia.
Hepatitis
Acute hepatitis: starry sky liver, hypo liver, enlarged, portal veins inc echoes in the bands known as periportal cuffing.
Chronic: hyperechoic small liver, dec echo of PV
A-daycare workers, oral/fecal/water, wash hands after changing diapers, Vaccine Hep A available, self limiting
B-blood/body fluids/unprotected sex/needles. Vaccine Hep B, healthcare workers at risk
C-blood
D-from Hep B, hep B vaccine.
E-food/water
G-? True hepatitis
Gaucher’s disease
Error of lipid metabolism, Type I MC, glucoscerobrocyde lipid accumulates in organs bc of enzyme deficiency
Enzyme replacement therapy
Bruising, low platelets, anemic, tired.
Hepatosplenomegaly
Hemochromatosis
Iron overload, gets in organs
Joint pain.
Phlebotomy removed excess iron take out a pint 1-2 weeks for months and maintenance therapy blood given every 2-4 months for life.
Focal fatty infiltrate / Focal infiltration
Usually in periportal region. Anterior to portal vein and porta hepatis
Pneumobilia
Air in biliary tract
Portal Hypertension
Most common cause is cirrhosis
hepatosplenomegaly, hepatofugal flow in portal vein, PV diam > 13mm
Hepatofugal flow, Recanalized umbilical vein (best seen sag subcoastal view of left lobe through lig teres), enlarged left gastric vein aka coronary vein, ascites
Fatty liver/ Fatty Infiltration
Is reversible, Fat accumulates in liver. Inc attenuation, dec penetration, inc echogenicity, hetero, focal or diffuse, rapid change in appearance over time
Causes: obesity, diabetes, alcohol, hepatitis, chronic illness, steroids, malnutrition, pregnancy, Reye’s syndrome, hyperlipidemia, glycogen storage disease, cystic fibrosis,
Hepatomegaly
Rounding of inferior border of liver, long meas exceeding 20, extension of right lobe inferior to the lower pole of the right kidney, increased AP measurement.
Cavernous hemangioma
Most common liver tumor, Homogeneous, hyperechoic lesion, has a vascular network, more common in females, usually Asymptomatic
Hepatic cyst
Thin wall, post acoustic enhancement, anechoic, inc through transmission
Cirrhosis
Nodular liver, small liver, may cause HCC, caudate sparing, luminal narrowing of hepatic veins, color and Doppler on hepatics show high velocities through strictures, splenomegaly, azotemia (inc blood nitrogen), collateral vessels, leads to jaundice, portal HTN, & liver failure
Caused by ETOH abuse, hepatitis, hep C, Wilton’s, hemochromatosis, galactosemia, biliary obstruction, vascular disease, drugs
HCC/Hepatoma
Inc AFP
Invasion of portal veins may be due to HCC
Often with cirrhosis, hep B, carcinogens, usually males
RUQ pain, Hepatomegaly, wt loss, palp mass, loss appetite, fever, cirrhosis,
Inc color, inc # vessels, high velocity, inc diastolic
May mets to heart, lungs, brain, kidney, spleen. Poor prognosis. 3-4 months. If early can do tx
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
Skin cancer
Skin lesion increased with AIDS patients.
Mets to liver
Most common adenocarcinoma of the Colon, then breast and lung.
20 times more common than HCC
Target, bulls eye appearance. Any echogenicity, hepatosplenomegaly, ascites
Inc afp, alt, AST, lft, bili
Focal nodular hyperplasia
Well defined mass, central stellate scar, color Doppler prominent vessels coursing within the scar
Rare, assoc with BCP, second MC, benign. Asymptomatic, iso, hypo, hyper. Spoke wheel pattern. Multiple veins come out from center.
Budd Chiari
Occlusion of ivc and hepatics, portal vein may be occluded or show hepatofugal flow
Liver transplant complication not detected by ultrasound
Rejection
Liver transplant complications extrahepatic fluid collection could be
Biloma, hematoma, located ascites, abscess
Liver tx complications
Biliary sludge, portal vein stenosis, hep art thrombosis, liver malignancy
The gallbladder is removed. Don’t search for gb problems.
TIPs
Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt
RHV-RPV
Connects portal vein and hepatic vein
Relieved symptoms of portal HTN
Hepatofugal flow in shunt, vel 100-190cm/s
190cm/s = stenosis
Liver tx can be anastamoses via
IVC, PV, HA, bile duct
Best view of coronary vein
Sag view through splenic hilum
Cavernous transformation of the portal vein
Sequelae of portal vein thrombus and is the replacement of the normal single channel portal vein with numerous tortuous venous channels
Galactosemia
Can’t convert galactose to glucose
Rt intersegmental fissure divides
Rt anterior and rt post lobe
Rt hep vein is landmark
Left intersegmental fissure divides
Medial and lateral left lobe. Ligamentum teres and left hepatic and left portal are landmarks
Parietal peritoneum
Lining of abdominal cavity
What are intersegmental ?
What are intrasegmental?
Hep veins intersegmental
Portal triad intrasegmental
Granuloma
Small calcifications
Liver or spleen
From histoplasmosis or tuberculosis
Pyogenic bacterial abscess
E. coli, reaches liver via portal vein, hep artery, bile duct, or lymphatics.
Hypo round fluid filled mass, echogenic foci with gas producing organisms.
Fungal abscess
Sequence of change. Wheel within a wheel, bullseye, hypo mass, echogenic mass.
Amoebic abscess. Parasitic.
Aka amoebiosis
Contaminated food and water. Entamoeba histolytica. Resides in colon. Goes to liver via portal vein.
Round oval hypo mass. Distal enhancement.
Giving a fatty meal does what to the bile ducts?
Inc with obstruction, dec if normal
Glycogen storage disease
Error in glycogen metabolism.
Type I most common. Von Gierkes Syndrome.
Inc fat and glycogen store in liver. Hepatomegaly
Hypoglycemic, fatigue, seizure
Treated by giving glucose drink.
2 most common causes of biliary tract obstruction
Panc cancer and gallstones.
Niemann-Picks Disease
Error in lipid metabolism. Types A-C. Type B most common. Die at late childhood. Red spots in eyes. Type A rapidly fatal.
Lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly mental retard
Polycystic Disease
Assoc w. Kidneys, panc, spleen
Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Congenital defect in leukocyte. Hypo areas wit Ca+ and shadowing.
Hemangioma
MC benign liver tumor. Vascular tumor. Asymptomatic. Usually hyperechoic.
Liver Cell Adenoma
Rare, assoc w BCP, palp mass, RUQ pain, assoc w. Von Gierkes.
Very vascular. Inc risk life threatening hemorrhage.
Lipoma
Very rare, asymptomatic, assoc w. Tuberous Sclerosis and renal angiomyolipomas.
Hyperechoic, fat, propagation speed artifact. Propagation speed artifact.
Hepatic Cystadenoma
Rare, multilocular, fluid filled
Hemangiosarcoma
Hepatic Angiosarcoma
Cancer
Rare, exposure to carcinogens (thoratrast, arsenic, polyviral chloride)
Large mass, hemorrhage, necrosis
Morrisons Pouch/ recess of Morrison/ Hepatorenal pouch
Name of potential peritoneal space that is bound by the liver, kidney, colon, and duodenum
Hodgkin’s disease/ Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Cancer Enlg lymphoid tissue Younger Hepatosplenomegaly, hypo lesions. Diffuse lesions
NonHodgkins lymphoma
Cancer
Inc in aids pts, inc in pts with cyclosporine (tx rejection drug)
Older pt, worse prognosis
Focal lesions
Leukemia
Blood cancer
Liver trauma
3rd mc organ to be damaged next to spleen and kidney.
Infantile hemangioendothelioma/cavernous hemangioma/hemangioma
Benign
MC vascular tumor in infancy. Associated with CHF, cutaneous hemangioma
Hepatoblastoma
MC primary liver tumor in peds. <5 yrs, male, rt lobe.
Assoc with beckwith-wiedemann, hemihypertrophy, familial adenomatous polyposis, precocious puberty
Describe the main lobar fissure
Imaginary line between gb fossa and IVC. Separates rt and lt lobe. Middle hepatic vein is a landmark.
Rt intersegmental fissure
Divides rt lobe into ant and post
Rt hep vein is a landmark.
Lt intersegmental fissure
Divides left lobe into medial and lateral. Left hep vein, Ligamentum teres, and asc segment of left portal vein are landmarks.
Coronary Ligament
Parietal peritoneum into liver becoming visceral peritoneum
Rt & lt triangular ligament
Acute hepatitis
Starry sky
Hypo liver, Hepatomegaly, hyperechoic portal vein walls
Chronic hepatitis
Hyperechoic liver, small liver, dec echogenicity of portal vein walls
Focal fatty sparing
Island of normal liver in a sea of fatty liver. Seen adj to GB fossa. No mass effect.
Name 5 portosystemic shunts
- Portocaval shunt
- Proximal splenorenal shunt
- Distal splenorenal (Warren) shunt (PV hepatopedal)
- Mesocaval shunt
- Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (hepatopedal in PV)
Confirm shunt with US by showing flow within shunt and Hepatofugal portal vein flow.
Thin capsule surrounding liver
Glissons capsule
What vessel courses within main lobar fissure
Middle hepatic vein
Which forms the caudal border of the left portal vein
Ligamentum teres