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Sys Path > Liver 1 (test 1) > Flashcards

Liver 1 (test 1) Flashcards

1
Q

T or F

Liver lesions are much more common than liver failure

A

True: diffuse disease, rather than focal lesions, is required to produce failure

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2
Q

How much of your liver do you need to function and still be alive?

A

~30%

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3
Q

What is the most frequently injured organs in the body?

A

The Liver

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4
Q

Can the Liver regenerate?

A

yes it can, but its not considered true regeneration-compensatory growth

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5
Q

When do you see clinical signs of liver disease?

A

When the reserve is exhausted. The onset of signs may be acute, but are often the end result of chronic disease.

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6
Q

What is the largest gland in the body?

A

The Liver!

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7
Q

What allows the liver to avoid infarction?

A

Because of its DUAL blood supply

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8
Q

Where does the portal vein receive blood?

A

From the GI tract and the Spleen

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9
Q

T or F

Mixing of arterial and venous blood in the sinusoids increases the O2 of hepatic blood, but overall this is a High oxygen system

A

False, this is a low oxygen system: 50% O2 from hepatic artery, 50% O2 from portal vein

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10
Q

Which animal doesn’t have a gallbadder?

A

The Horse, so you won’t be diagnosing them with a cholecystitis

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11
Q

Which cell makes up of 94% of hepatic cells?

A

Hepatocytes

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12
Q

What makes up a portal triad?

A

Hepatic arteriole, portal venule, bile duct

+ lymphatic vessels

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13
Q

Label this microscope slide

A.

B.

C.

D.

A

A. Portal Vein

B. Bile Duct

C. Lympatic vessel

D. Hepatic Artery

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14
Q

Where does blood enter in the liver?

A

Blood enters lobule via portal triads and flows toward CENTRAL veins through the hepatic sinusoids

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15
Q

What is hepatic sinusoids lined by?

A

FENESTRATED endothelium

Hepatocytes are in direct contact with plasma

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16
Q

What is the name of the APC cells in the Liver?

A

Phagocytic Kupffer Cells (tissue macrophages)

17
Q

What is the purpose of stellate cells in the liver?

A

They are involved in vit. A storage and sinusoidal blood flow regulation. Can synthesize collagen when activated (important role in hepatic fibrosis)

They reside in the space of Disse (space between endothelium and hepatocytes)

18
Q

Which cells receives the most O2 in the liver?

A. Periportal Cells

B. Centrilobular Cells

A

Periportal cells: they are exposed to blood that first enters lobule, thus receiving the most O2

19
Q

Where is a majority of the metabolizing enzyme system (drug and toxin metabolism)?

A

In the smooth ER of the centrilobular hepatocyes

20
Q

Where does bile flow in relation to blood flow?

A

It flows in the opposite direction of blood flow

21
Q

where is bile secreted in the liver?

A

into canalculi

(formed by tight junctions between adacent hepatocytes, lead to protal triads and bile ductules)

22
Q

Define Cholestasis

A

It is the stasis or reduced flow of bile often due to damged hepatocytes

23
Q

What does the secretion of bile require because it is an active process?

A

It requires ATP

Any injury tat causes significant hepatocellular injury can inhibit bile secretion

24
Q

What are the two models for the microarchitecture of the liver?

A

The lobule model

The acinar model

25
Q

Define Metabolic hertogeneity in the liver

A

It means that the concentration of enzymes also change across the lobule

26
Q

Where would you most likely see ischemic tissue in the liver due to hypoxia?

A

In the Centrilobular Region

27
Q

Equine piroplasmosis is caused by one of two tick transmitted hemoprotozoal parasites that invade and destroy erythrocytes to complete their life cycle. Laboratory findings may include profound anemia, icterus, hemoglobinuria, and mild to moderately elevated liver enzymes. The gross lesions often include icterus and splenomegaly.

What is the most likely cause of the increased liver enzymes?

A. Hepatocellular damage due to infection of hepatocytes

B. Hypoxia of centrilobular hepatocytes due to anemia

C. bile duct obstruction

D. Occlusion of the hepatic artery

A

B. Hypoxia of centrilobular hepatocytes due to anemia (iron deficiency)

28
Q

What are the functions of the Liver?

A

A. Detoxification of endogenous and exogenous compounds

B. synthesis of plasma proteins (e.g. albumin and clotting factors)

C. Secretion and conduction of bile (exretion of detoxified compounds, and secretion of bil salts (for enteric fat solubilization))

D. Energy metabolism (Lipids and carbs)

E. Surveillance of hepatoportal blood (kupffer cells) (immune function)

F. Secondary role in salt and water homeostasis

29
Q

What is an endogenous toxin that the liver detoxifies?

A

Ammonia-which is a result of nitrogen from protein breakdown

30
Q

What are examples of exogenous toxins cleared by the liver?

A

Chlorophyll (herbivores), drugs

31
Q

What produces ammonia?

A

Bacteria in the large bowl mostly and also by deamination of amino acids

32
Q

What does the liver do with ammonia when it is functioning properly?

A

It converts it to urea which is than eliminated in the urine

33
Q

True or False

Hepatic Encephalopathy is considered a diagnosis

A

FALSE

It is considered a clinical sign which can be represented by: head pressing, depression, disorentation, ataxia, seizures, dementia, blindness, prolonged recovery from anesthesia

34
Q

How do you treat for hepatic encephalopathy?

A

Diet: give low protein (decreased production of ammonia and other neurotoxins)

GI acting antibiotic–>decrease GI flora and decrease ammonia production

Lactulose: synthetic dissacharide metabolized by LI bacteria–> lactic acid formation–>decreased colonic pH–>traps intestinal NH4+

35
Q

When could you see chlorophyl toxicity in animals?

A

With Intrahepatic cholestsis (reduced bile flow) or severe hepatocellular injury

Becasue phylloerythrin is not metabolized, it accumulates in the blood, binds to cells in the skin .

Normally absorbed and excreted in bile

36
Q

What is a clinical sign as a result of phylloerythrin toxicity due to poor liver detoxification?

A

UV irradiation to non-pigmented areas of skin causes fluorescent pigment to emit damaging radiation at a longer wavelength–> inflammation and necrosis–>produces dermatitis–>Secondary (hepatogeous) PHOTOSENSITIZATION

37
Q

What plasma proteins is the liver responsible for producing ?

A

Albumin: synthesized exclusively by hepatocytes (oncotic pressure, carrier proteins, etc)

Clotting Factors

38
Q

What is a consequence of dysfunction in the liver in regards to plasma protein synthesis?

A

Clotting factor deficiency: Coagulopathy

Hypoalbuminemia: edema, ascites, abnormal drug metabolism (insensitive measure of function, requries severe injury/loss of hepatocytes)

Sys Path (17 decks)

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