Littleton Part III Flashcards

1
Q

Acid secretion is influenced by what?

A

pH, food buffering, and gastric emptying

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2
Q

What happens to food buffers during food ingestion and after eating?

A

During ingestion there is peak in food buffers in the stomach and hours after eating it decreases

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3
Q

What happens to the rate of hydrogen secretion during ingestion and after?

A

during ingestion it does not increase.

1 hour after ingestion it increases and then maxes out after 2 hours due to the release of somatostatin. Somatostatin causes it to decrease.

Don’t forget rate of H+ secretion is done by the parietal cells

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4
Q

What happens to the concentration of hydrogen ions during ingestion of food and after?

A

Hydrogen concetration decrease during ingestion of food. After two hours the concentration of Hydrogen ions increases and continues to increases.

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5
Q

When does the stomach have the lowest level of acid?

A

1-2 hours after a meal

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6
Q

Pancreatic secretions are stimulated by what?

A

Neural and humoral mechanism

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7
Q

The major stimulus for acini secretion is?

A

CCK (humoral)

acini cells have receptors for Ach (neural), M3, GRP (neural), and VIP (neural)

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8
Q

Acini cells secrete what?

A

digestive enzymes

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9
Q

What is the stimulus for pancreatic duct secretion?

A

Secretin (humoral)

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10
Q

What do pancreatic duct cells secrete?

A

Na HCO3, H20

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11
Q

Pancreatic duct cells have receptors for?

A

Ach (neural)

secretin (humoral)

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12
Q

In the duct lumen if you have a high rate of pancreatic juices what are your levels of bicarb and Cl-?

A

More bicarb

less chloride

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13
Q

In the duct lumen if you have a low rate of pancreatic juices what are your levels of bicarb and Cl-?

A

More Chloride

less bicarb

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14
Q

Are pancreatic secretions alkaline or acidic during the intestinal phase of the meal?

A

Alkaline

Secretion of bicarb increases and chloride secretion decreases. This causes a increase in pH.

(potassium unchanged)

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15
Q

Pancreatic acinar cells secrete many different proteins, what are there categories?

A

Proteases

Amyolytic enzyme

Lipases

Nucleases

and there is a others categories

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16
Q

Examples of proteases secreted by pancreatic acinar cells?

A

trypsinogen

chymotrypsinogen

proelastase

procarboxypeptidase A

procarboxypeptidase B

17
Q

Examples of amyolytic enzymes?

A

amylase

18
Q

Examples of lipases?

A

lipase

lipase-related proteins

prophospholipase A1, A2

nonspecific esterase

19
Q

Examples of nucleases?

A

deoxyribonucleases

ribonucleases

20
Q

What are the enzymes listed in the others catagories for enzymes secreted by the pancreatic acinar cells?

A

procolipase

trypsin inhibitors

monitor peptide

21
Q

Contraction of the gallbladder and sphincter of oddi relaxation by both neural and humoral pathways is stimulated by what?

A

CCK

CCK is released by the small intestine -> vagal afferent seignal to DVC -> vagal efferent signal sent to gall bladder (acts on Ach) and sphincter of Oddi (act on VIP/NO)

22
Q

In some people the common bile duct fuses with main pancreatic duct instead of sphincter of oddi. If you get a gallstone what can this lead to?

A

It prevents pancrease from releasing enzymes

23
Q

Pancreatic polypeptide is a feedback modulator of _____ ________ to the pancrease

A

Vagal efferents