Lithosphere

Question 1

Solid wastes are “all discarded household, commercial waste, non-hazardous institutional, ports/harbor/industrial waste, street sweepings, construction debris, agricultural waste, other non-toxic/hazardous solid waste

Answer 1

Philippine Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000

Question 2

Major sources of solid wastes…

Answer 2

• organic waste
• combustibles
• non-combustibles
• electronic wastes (can be hazardous)
• dead animals
• ashes/dust (not volcanic)
• hazardous wastes

Question 3

A risk management option for any uncertainty about potential risks, where consequences could be serious or irreversible

Answer 3

Precautionary principle

Question 4

Large enterprises required to recover a percentage of their plastic packaging waste each year
- implement auditing system and report to DENR

Answer 4

Extended Producer Responsibility Act (EPRA) of 2022

Question 5

Waste hierarchy

Answer 5

• prevention
• re-use
• recycling
• recovery
• disposal

Question 6

Prevents soil and water contamination

Answer 6

Clay barrier, plastic liner

Question 7

Perforated pipes in a layer of sand collect rainwater that has filtered through the landfill

Answer 7

Leachate collection

Question 8

Compacted garbage surrounded by soil from daily cover

Answer 8

Refuse cell

Question 9

No landfill reuse is left exposed overnight- at the end of each day, all refuse is covered with at least 6 inches of compacted soil

Answer 9

Daily cover

Question 10

formed via weathering and transport of existing rocks, and then deposition, cementation, compaction

Answer 10

sedimentary rock

Question 11

formed by cooling and crystallization of molten rock

Answer 11

igneous rock

Question 12

formed when heat or pressure are applied to other rocks

Answer 12

metamorphic rocks

Question 13

soil horizons

Answer 13

• O: organic layer
• A: topsoil
• E: eluviation layer
• B: subsoil
• C: parent rock
• R: bedrock

Question 14

soil horizon: humus

Answer 14

organic layer

Question 15

soil horizon: minerals w humus

Answer 15

topsoil

Question 16

soil horizon: leached minerals & organic matter

Answer 16

eluviation layer

Question 17

soil horizon: deposited minerals & metal salts

Answer 17

subsoil

Question 18

soil horizon: partly weathered rock

Answer 18

parent rock

Question 19

soil horizon: unweathered parent rock

Answer 19

bedrock

Question 20

indicator of organic matter content, drainage and aeration

Answer 20

soil color

Question 21

important in completing plant vegetative or reproductive cycles

Answer 21

soil nutrients

Question 22

detachment and displacement of soil particles and transported by various means

Answer 22

soil erosion

Question 23

breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces mechanically and chemically

Answer 23

weathering

Question 24

soil erosion prevention

Answer 24

• tree planting
• buffer strips
• contour plowing
• vegetative barriers
• no tillage
• terracing

Question 25

uncontrolled waste dumping

Answer 25

soil contamination

Question 26

juices from the breakdown of wastes

Answer 26

landfill leachate

Question 27

man induced erosion

Answer 27

- deforestation - clearing of land for agriculture/construction - dam construction/diversion of river's natural course - faulty farming systems - mining activities

Question 28

factors of soil formation

Answer 28

- soil age - climate - topography

Question 29

indicates both well and poorly drained conditions during the year due to fluctuations in water table

Answer 29

mottling effects in soil

Question 30

this color in soil is due to presence of iron low in organic matter, well drained

Answer 30

red

Question 31

this soil color is due to an excess of water and poor aeration + presence of iron low in organic matter, poorly drained

Answer 31

gray

Question 32

this soil color has good organic matter content, well drained

Answer 32

brown

Question 33

this soil color is high in organic matter

Answer 33

black

Question 34

this soil color is low in organic matter, well drained

Answer 34

yellow

Question 35

some instruments for environmental assessment

Answer 35

- plankton net - hypsometer - stack sampler - air quality sampler - water quality sampler - soil sieve