Atmosphere

Question 1

order of layers in the atmosphere

Answer 1

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere
Ionosphere

Question 2

-weather occurs, water cycle, breathing air (moist)
-99% of water vapor in atmosphere found
-higher=low air pressure=lower temp= lower density

Answer 2

troposphere

Question 3

• breakdown of meteors
• odd electrical charges “sprites”
• higher= dec temp= dec air pressure
• influenced by waves and tides

Answer 3

Mesosphere

Question 4

Daily changes in temp, wind, and precipitation

Answer 4

weather

Question 5

long-term temperatures and precipitation trends

Answer 5

climate

Question 6

layer around earth
protects from UV radiation
regulates climate
storage of gases
dissipates air pollutants
transport of energy and water

Answer 6

atmosphere

Question 7

currents that redistribute heat and moisture only in troposphere
causes turbulence in airplanes

Answer 7

convection currents

Question 8

minute particles and liquid droplets suspended in the atmosphere

Answer 8

aerosols

Question 9

reflectance or “whiteness”
high=reflect energy
low=absorb energy

Answer 9

albedo

Question 10

capture of energy by gases in the atmosphere
atmosphere transmits sunlight but traps some heat inside
atmosphere lets that gradually dissipate to space

Answer 10

Greenhouse effect

Question 11

gases that traps heat in the atmosphere

Answer 11

greenhouse gases

Question 12

natural greenhouse effect enhanced with increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

Answer 12

enhance greenhouse effect

Question 13

any substance released at a concentration sufficient to cause harm to humans, other animals, vegetation, other materials

Answer 13

air pollutant

Question 14

part of natural biogeochemical cycles; naturally undergo cleansing mechanism

Answer 14

natural sources

Question 15

released concentrated regions in high concentrations; disrupt natural cycles; released faster than natural cleansing mechanisms

Answer 15

anthropogenic sources

Question 16

harmful when released; can be precursor chemicals for secondary pollutants

Answer 16

primary pollutants

Question 17

converted from primary pollutants (in the presence of light/UV)
if emitted, not necessarily harmful

Answer 17

secondary pollutants

Question 18

effects of air pollution

Answer 18

smog (industrial/photochemical)
acid rain
ozone depletion
climate change

Question 19

mix of ash, soot, SO2, VOCs;
formed especially in the burning of coal;
mostly a result of primary pollutants

Answer 19

industrial smog

Question 20

series of reactions: NOx + VOCs w sunlight
mainly due to secondary pollutants
largely due to emissions from motor vehicles

Answer 20

photochemical smog

Question 21

pollutants such as SO2 and NOx further lower pH of rain to 3

Answer 21

acid rain

Question 22

consequences of acid rain in trees:

Answer 22

premature leaf fall and branch dieback

Question 23

consequences of acid rain in soil:

Answer 23

-important minerals leach out
-Aluminum toxicity from soil to water bodies

Question 24

consequences of acid rain on structures:

Answer 24

discoloration and weathering

Question 25

thin layer of O3 in lower stratosphere absorbs UV rays

Answer 25

ozone layer

Question 26

-inert, non-toxic, non--flammable destroy O3 w UV (coolant/solvent) -will stay between 55 to 140 years in the atmosphere from emission

Answer 26

chlorofluorocarbons

Question 27

control import of ozone depleting substances (ODS)

Answer 27

philippine ozone desk

Question 28

1987: 24 countries called for CFC reduction by 50% by 1990 1990: 90 countries vowed to stop all production of CFCs and Halons by 2000

Answer 28

montreal protocol

Question 29

alternative to CFC: decompose more readily; don't build up in stratosphere

Answer 29

hydrochloroflurocarbons

Question 30

alternative to CFC: for refrigerants; but are flammable and contribute to global warming

Answer 30

hydrofluorocarbons

Question 31

hydrofluorocarbons banned due to its high global warming potential

Answer 31

kigali amendment

Question 32

-international body assessing the science related to climate change -scientific assessments for governments

Answer 32

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Question 33

1992: holds a COP almost every year

Answer 33

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Question 34

1997: treaty extending UNFCCC - reduce emissions by 5.2% compared to 1990 emissions by 2008 - carbon credit scheme - extended until 2012

Answer 34

Kyoto protocol

Question 35

2012: covered 2013 to 2020 reduce emissions by 18% of 1990 emissions

Answer 35

Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol

Question 36

- countries party to the UNFCCC meet - scientists and activists - try to reach agreement on collective action, funding, etc.

Answer 36

Yearly COP

Question 37

a global climate accord; to limit global warming to well below 2C above pre-industrial levels, with efforts to limit the temp inc to 1.5C

Answer 37

Paris agreement

Question 38

- absorbs high energy x-rays, UV radiation, heat from sun - low air density - infrequent collisions of gas molecules - aurora lights - variation in height of top layer

Answer 38

thermosphere

Question 39

series of regions in parts w large electrically charged atoms and molecules - higher conc of ions and free electrons

Answer 39

ionosphere