literary skills Flashcards
types of figurative language
simile, metaphor, personification, onomatopoeia, alliteration, hyperbole
extended metaphor
a metaphor written large and lengthy to make an even deeper, more involved comparison between the subject and the thing it’s being compared with
what poet was a great lover of extended metaphors
Emily dickinson
satire
use of sarcasm, irony, humor, and ridicule to criticize or mock the foolish behavior of others to bring attention to aparticular subject and promote change
Horatian satire
clever and humorous and generally mocks others; not negative
types of satire in literature
Horatian and juvenalian
Juvenalian satire
shows anger and resentfulness; it can be personal and it’s goal is to provoke change
example of Horatian satire
pride and prejudice: ignorance of view of marriage and relationships
example of Juvenalian satire
William golding’s lord of the flies: mocks societ structure power and civilization around WWII time of destruction, despair,a nd death
euphamism
alternate, inoffensive ways of saying something that might be considered improper or even taboo
print features in informational texts
guides: table of contents, preface, index, glossary
organization aids in information texts
help reader find important information: change in font, headings and subheadings, lists
types of media
visual, auditory, print, artistic, broadcast digital
print media
nearly always based on text; books or journals
artistic media
painting and sculptures
braodcast media
transmit information through various signal waves radio (auditory) tv (visual and auditory)
digital media
availabel through digital technologies, and are notable for the dramatic scope and range of information they contain.
metacognition
thinking about your thinking; being aware fo what you don’t know, understanding what you will need to know for a certain task an dhaving an idea of how to use your current skilsl to learn what you don’t know.
What are Noam Chomskys beliefs about language acquisition
that everyone has a universal grammar hard wired into their brains based on grammatical features shared among divverse language
brocas area
seems to be involved in production
wernicke’s area
understanding
phonemes
each language has its own vowel and consonant sounds, not all of which exist in English
Chomsky’s linguistic theory
we are born with an innate ability to learn language, adn with little guidance, children will naturally learn language
critical period hypothesis
we have a time frame for learning new language, and once that itme is over, language acquisition becomes much more difficult
linguistics
the scientfiic study of human language
two major theoretical perspectives of language development
social-integrationist approaches adn thsoe that offer a nativist approach
who was the nativist theory developed by
Noam Chomsky
nativist approach to language
views language as bioloigical and instictive to a newborn and all children have a language acquisition devise
interactionist approach to language acquisiton
children learn language through interaction and social experiences
foru major components of language
phonology, semantics, grammatical development, and pragmatics
phonology
the structur and sequence fo speech sounds
semantics
vocabulary adn how concepts are expressed through words
grammatical development
syntax and morphology
syntax
rules by which wrods are arranged into sentences
morphology
the use of grammatical markers to indicate tense, active or passive voice
pragmatics
the rules for appropriate and effective communications: using language for greeting,demanding etc, changing language for talking differently dependin on who it is you are talking to, following rules, such as turn taking and staying on topci
three main types of appeal in essay writing
ethos, logos,and pathos
ethos
“character” and refers ot the trustworthiness or credibility of the author. your own character and what you bring to the topic as an individual
logos
“word”
using logic adn reasoning as your appea
lthe words we use
the clarity of the message itself
the credible arguments used and the supporting evidence on which our arguments are built
must be a logical and reasoned argument for the audience you are addressing
pathos
“suffering or experience”
appelas to the reader’s emotions
utilizing story, sensory-based details and vivid language
brings human experiences into the argument
while logos touches the _____, pathos touches the _____
mind, heart
rhetoric
the art of effective speaking or writing that creatively asserts a point of view, imaginatively expresses important ideas, helps readers remember key points, and atetmpts to shift reader’s perspectives
concepts to keep in mind as you master rhetorical skills
purpose, audience, tone
rhetoric of sound
alliteration, assonance, onomatopoeia
rhetoric of words
anaphora and epistrophe
anaphora
repeat a word or set of wrods at the beginning of sentences or lines
epistrophe
repeating a word or set of words at the end fo sentences or lines
rhetoric of sentences
aposiopesis, chiasmus, inversion
aposiopesis
deliverately leaving a sentence unfinished to startle the reader and express a strong emotion
chiasmus
writer splits his or her sentence into two parts: “JFK ask not what your country can do for youbut what you can do for your country
inversion
make the reader sit up and take notice. an unusal word order that stresses some more important phrase or point
rhetoric figures of speech
hyperbole, metaphors, similes, personification, rhetorical questions, a paradox, irony
rhetorical questions
readers already know the answers to the questions
paradox
when writer uses words that seem to contradict themselves but actually express a deep meaning
deductive reasoning
entails starting with a generalization and moving to specific details
inductive reasoning
involves starting with specific details and moving to a larger concluding point or generalization
logical fallicy
misconception or false assumption made in reasoning
distracting fallaces
wil use another argument or form of reasoning to simply distract the audience from the truth
red herring, ad hominem, appeal to tradition, straw man
red herring fallacy
argument that is used as a distraction to the main issue
ad hominem fallacy
attacking the speaker or organization, rather than the argument itself
appeal to tradition fallacy
an argument that is used because the solution or action has occurred previously and is expected to continue
straw man fallacy
a popular fallacy where the arguer manipulates an opponents argument in order to make the argument look as if it is weak and easy to beat
conditional fallacies
have certain conditions or are the result of certain conditions in the argument
band wagon, false dilemma, slippery slope, burden of proof
bandwagon fallacy
the popularity of an action is the basis for the argument
false dilemma fallacy
two sollutions are pitted against one another, forcing the listener to choose between two options.
slippery slope fallacy
the disadvantage is the result of several consequences of the original argument
burden of proof
fallacy that occurs when the arguer shifts the burden of proof to the opponent, requiring the other to disprove the argument to beat it
