Lit Metabolic, Nutrition Flashcards
1) a) What is spexin? b) Where is it expressed & detectable?
3) Spexin is negatively correlated with …. (6 variables) and positively correlated with ….. (1 variable) in dogs.
Kolodziejski JVIM 2021
1) a) Peptide hormone that regulates BW, adipose tissue metabolism & food intake. Potential marker for obesity.
b) Spexin mRNA detectable in adipose tissue, liver & pancreas. Expressed in adipose & liver but not pancreas.
2) Negative correlation - BCS, serum insulin concentration, leptin, total cholesterol, NEFA, fructosamine. Positive correlation - adiponectin.
The following dietary exposure factors in puppyhood were associated with …. (higher or lower) risk of atopic dermatitis in adulthood in Finnish dogs?
a) Fruits
b) Raw foods
c) Fish oil supplements
d) Mixed oils
e) Heat processed foods
Hemida JVIM 2021
a) Higher, b) lower, c) lower, d) higher, e) higher
What differences in serum TG, chol & lipoprotein profiles were observed between dogs with pancreatitis vs healthy dogs?
Xenoulis JVIM 2020
Mild increases in dogs with hyperTG (18%, sig diff vs healthy dogs 7.5%) and/or hyperCHOL (24%, not sig diff vs healthy dogs).
Pancreatitis dogs had higher LDL fractions, lower TG-rich lipoprotein, & lower HDL fractions.
The 3 major uremic toxins produced by colonic bacteria which are associated with disease progression in CKD cats are: ………….
When comparing faecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) between CKD & healthy geriatric cats, ……… concentrations were higher in CKD cats especially in …… stages.
Faecal branched-chain fatty acid concentrations correlated with …….(uremic toxin), and were higher in CKD cats with ……….., indicating ……………
Summers JVIM 2019
Indoxyl sulfate (IS), p-cresol sulfate (pCS), trimethylamine-N-oxide (TNO)
Late stages (IRIS 3-4)
pCS; muscle wastage; protein malassimilation
What were the differences in faecal microbiota composition between puppies <5-6 weeks old & adult dogs?
Blake JVIM 2020
Puppies up to 5-6 weeks of age had increased Dysbiosis Index, increased abundance of C. difficile, and decreased secondary bile acid concentrations associated with decreased abundance of C. hiranonis cf adult dogs.
(Secondary BA likely have regulatory role on clostridial spp. in dogs)
Causes of hypercobalaminemia in dogs & cats?
Kather Vet J 2020
Dogs - overall 3% incidence of high B12. DDx chronic GI signs (48%), hypoA (uncommon)
Cats - chronic enteropathy (65%), acute/chronic pancreatitis (24%), cholangiohepatopathy, gastric lymphoma (6%), hyperT (3%).
What risk factors were identified in 2 distinct outbreaks of acquired idiopathic megaO in dogs in Latvia & Australia?
Differences in clinical presentation?
Hurley JAVMA 2021
Large breed male dogs (>25kg). 2 brands of commercial adult dog biscuits (no specific toxin identified).
Latvian population - mild to severe peripheral polyneuropathies - laryngeal paralysis, dysphonia, weakness. Histo findings consistent with distal axonopathy.
Aus population - peripheral polyneuropathies not identified. Histo showed local disruption to innervation of oesophagus & pharynx.
What are the clinical consequences of high dietary phosphate intake in cats?
JVIM 2019
High P (in particular inorganic P) & low Ca:P ratios have been associated with renal damage in cats.
What inflammatory marker was increased in Mini Schnauzers with hyperlipidemia? Did this respond to diet?
Heilmann JVIM 2019
Calprotectin - consistent with subclinical low-grade inflammation in dogs with HL. Calprotectin positively correlated to combined HL & hyperTG but not hyperCHOL alone.
Lipid status improved within 3.5-6.5mths of ultra-low fat diet, but calprotectin did not.
Median % change in thoracic dimension & lung area changes are affected by …… in healthy dogs?
Chan JVIM 2017
Body weight.
Fluoroscopy used to measure lung area changes during respiration - must be corrected for BW.
What B vitamin derangements are common in Greyhounds, and how prevalent?
What secondary metabolite increases as a result? What are the potential systemic complications of increase in this secondary metabolite?
Heilmann JVIM 2017
Hypofolatemia (B9) - 41% Greyhounds. Often concurrent with hypocobalaminaemia (49% of hypoFOL dogs).
Associated with increases in homocysteine (hyperhomocysteinemia) - as B9 & B12 are required as cofactors for its metabolism.
People - hyperHOMO associated with chronic GI disease, CVS disease, thrombosis, neurodegenerative disease.
HyperHOMO observed in 100% healthy Greyhounds, 70% dogs with chronic D+, 75% with thrombosis.
In which of the following were canine breed differences in plasma/serum concentrations observed: endothelin-1, cortisol & renin? Which breeds had the highest concentrations of each hormone??
Höglund JVIM 2016
All 3.
ET-1: highest in Newfoundlands
Renin: highest in Dachshunds
Cortisol: highest in Finnish Laphunds
Where is the Vitamin D receptor expressed in tissues? Is this affected by chronic enteropathy?
Cartwright JVIM 2018
Highest - kidney, duodenum, ileum, spleen, skin.
Weak - colon, heart, LN, liver, lung, ovary.
Absent - gastric & testicular.
No reduction in expression in CE dogs (compared duodenal VDR).
What is the association between calcidiol & iCa in dogs with cancer, and compared to healthy dogs?
What is role of the CYP24A1 gene in vitamin D metabolism?
Weidner JVIM 2017
Dogs with cancer had INCREASED calcidiol concentrations with higher iCa - suggesting altered Vit D metabolism.
In contrast healthy dogs had DECREASED calcidiol concentrations with higher iCa.
CYP24A1 gene encodes production of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase enzyme which converts 25(OH)D (calcidiol) to 24,25(OH)2D (inactive form) - regulates amt of active vit D in circulation.
What % of Mini Schnauzers with primary hyperTG were proteinuric?
Which biochemical changes were significantly associated with proteinuria in these dogs?
Smith JVIM 2017
56% of dogs in the study had primary hyperTG, of which 44% were proteinuric.
Increased serum albumin (NOT hypoalbuminemia), increased ALKP, increased CHOL.
NOT azotemia.
Azotemia & hypoalb not documented on longer FU period of 18mths in this study.
Also no increased risk of hypertension, decreased antithrombin III activity, or cardiac disease noted in these dogs (vs people).
