List Of Diseases Flashcards
Cardiac Tamponade
Fluid collection in the pericardial sac
Results in a dramatic drop in blood pressure
Cardiomyopathy
3 TYPES
D: dilated (distended heart muscles)
R: restrictive (rock hard heart muscles)
H: hypertrophic (huge trophy heart muscle)
Diagnosis: echocardiogram, angiography
Endocarditis
CAUSES
Inflammation inside the heart (either bacterial infection or just inflammation)
CAUSES: dirty needle, dental visits, untreated strep throat
Pericarditis
CAUSES
Can lead to cardiac tamponade (JVD, muffled heart sounds, drop in blood pressure 10mmHg)
CAUSES:
H: heart attack
A: autoimmune disorder
I: infection
R: renal failure
CHF: Heart failure
HF: Heavy Fluid (weight gain, water gain)
Daily weights: 3lbs/day or 5lbs/7 days
MI: myocardial infarction
Blockage of coronary arteries (lack of O2 to heart muscles lead to muscle deterioration)
Cathy lab: contract dye
Take nitroglycerin SUBLINGUAL ONLY (x3)
ANGIOPLASTY: NPO 6-12 hrs before
ADDison Disease
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS
CRISIS
Absent steroids LOW
A: added tan
A: added potassium
D: decrease weight
D: decrease BP, hair, sugar and energy
S: sodium loss
S: salt craving
Adrenal crisis: PRIMARY ACTION: add steroids IV push
Cushing syndrome
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS
TREATMENT
Cushion of steroids
C: cushion (moon face buffalo hump)
U: unusual hair growth
S: skin (purple striae, butterfly mark)
H: high sugar, BP, weight
Treatment: surgery (cut out tumor, slowly decrease steroids)
DI: Diabetes Insipidus
Treatment
DIE ADH (dry and high sodium with diuresis)
Drinking a lot
DesmoPRESSIN/VasoPRESSIN (decrease urine output increasing BP)
Has low specific gravity
SIADH
Causes
ADH: Adds Da H2O
S:Seizures kill
S: sodium low (headache)
S: stop all fluid, give salt, give diuretics
Causes: sepsis, severe brain trauma, small cell lung cancer
High specific gravity (thick syrup urine)
Diabetes
Lab values
Fasting: 126+
GTT: 200+
HgB (A1C): 6.5+
DKA
Signs/symptoms
Treatment
Die from hypokalemia
D: dry and high sugar
K: ketones and Kussmal respirations
A: abdominal pain
A: acidosis metabolic (hyperkalemia)
Treatment:
D: dehydration first
K: kill the sugar
A: add potassium even if normal (insulin brings sugar and potassium into the cell)
HNS
Signs/symptoms
Treatment
Die from Hypovolemia
H: high sugar
H: higher fluid loss and extreme dehydration
H: head change- LOC
N: no ketones
S: slower onset and stable potassium
Treatment;
H: hydration first, then hypotonic solution
S: stabilize sugars (insulin)
Hyperthyroidism
High T3 and T4
G: grape eye (exophthalmos)
G: gold balls in throat
THYROID STORM: agitation and confusion
HypOthyroidism
HashimOtos
Low T3 and T4
LOW AND SLOW
MYXEDEMA COMA: RESPIRATORY FAILURE, low BP
TRACHEOSTOMY KIT BY BED
Hyperaldostronism
A: adds sodium and water IN
L: lets potassium K+ OUT
(Of body)
Appendicitis
INTERVENTION
Intervention:
NPO, IV Normal Saline
NEVER GIVE PAIN MEDS (until seen by surgeon)
Assist with early ambulation after surgery to prevent pneumonia
Colostomy and Ileostomy
DIET
Avoid high fiber
4-6 weeks Post-Op:
No broccoli
No cauliflower
No multigrain bread
Diverticulitis
LABS
LLQ pain
Labs: decrease H/H (blood)
LOW FIBER DIET until flare up calmed down then switch diet
Dumping syndrome
POST-OP CARE
Post-Op care:
Dihiscense/Evisceration: low Fowler’s with knees bent
Diet: high fiber, LIE DOWN AFTER EATING
REPORT ADVERSE EFFECTS TO HCP 30 minutes after eating
GERD
Dyspepsia: heart burn
Avoid laying down 3hrs after eating
Avoid: chocolate, peppermint, spearmint
GI Bleeds
INTERVENTION
Upper: gastritis, GERD, Peptic ulcer
Lower: Hemorrhoids, colorectal cancer, diverticulitis, colitis
Intervention:
Lower Head of bed
Blood transfusion
GI Cancer
Colorectal Cancer (Colon: including large intestine and rectum):
Unexplained weight loss
Bleeding (low hematocrit, blood in stool)
Colonoscopy: NPO after midnight, polyethylene glycol)
IBD: Inflammatory Bowel Disease
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
UC: Ulcerative Colitis:
BLOODY LIQUID STOOLS
CRohn’s Disease:
CRown’s Disease, Fatty and mucus in stool (no blood)
Involves entire layers
IBS: Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Diet: limit Legumes, Dairy, Fruits
PUD: Peptic Ulcer Disease
Diagnosis
Gastric ulcer (stomach):
PAIN INCREASES WITH FOOD 30 minutes after meals
Duodenal Ulcer (intestine):
PAIN DECREASES WITH FOOD 2-3 hrs after meals
PAIN WORSE AT NIGHT
BLOOD IN STOOL (melena)
Diagnosis (EGD):
NPO 8 hrs before
Take laxatives
Small Bowel Obstruction
Rapid Onset:
COLICKY “intermittent” abdominal pain
Anemia
Sickle cell disease: SUDDEN inability to be aroused
Pernicious Anemia:
Can’t absorb Vitamin b12 (lack intrinsic factors) not administered orally (IM or IV only)
Hemophilia
Hemophilia A:
Clotting Factor 8
Hemophilia B:
Clotting factor 9
HIV
Virus that attacks immune system (weakens immune system)
Contact: blood, semen, vaginal fluids
SLE: Lupus
Autoimmune disorder attacking itself causing inflammation (increased ESR and c reactive protein) resulting to organ failure
Trigger: 4 S’s
Butterfly rash
Scleroderma
Rare Autoimmune disorder making too much collagen protein
APRIPT ONSET HYPERTENSION AND HEADACHE (ACE inhibitor med)
C: Calcinosis
R: Raynaud’s Phenomenon (CCB med)
E: Esophageal dysfunction
S: Sclerodactyly
T: Telangiectasia
Steven Johnson Syndrome
Associated with reaction to medication
Interventions similar to severe burn patients
(warm room, eye lubrication)
Eczema
Tepid sponge baths with soap
Apply moisturizer immediately after bathing
Cotten clothing (not wool clothing)
Psoriasis
Autoimmune disorder attacking normal healthy tissue (rapid cell division of epidermis cells)
EXPOSURE TO SUN -good
Cholecyctitis
Inflammation of gallbladder (typically from gallstones blocking ducts)
RUQ pain radiating to RIGHT shoulder
Post-Op: Assist with early ambulation
Cirrhosis
Hepatic Encephalopathy: excess ammonia (cloudy brain, lactoLOSE)
4 major roles:
Producing: Albumin (binds with calcium), Bile (picks up bilirubin and excess cholesterol), Coagulation factors
Detoxing ammonia
Drug metabolism
Storing Glycogen
Ascites=Paracentesis
A: Ascites
A: abdominal fluid
-empty bladder, measure abdominal circumference and weight
Pancreatitis
LUQ pain radiates to the back
Causes:
ERCP: endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (epigastric pain)
Elevated labs: lipase, glucose
Osteoarthritis
NEVER
NEVER PUT A PILLOW UNDER A NEW OPERATIVE KNEE (total knee arthroplasty)
Early weight bearing exercises and flexing foot every hour
Rheumatoid Arthritis
EDUCATION
RH: Rheumatoid Factor
Swan-neck and Boutonniere deformity
WARM SHOWER OR BATH BEFORE BED
Fractures
Spinal fracture:
Neurogenic shock: Hypotension, Bradycardia
Total hip arthroplasty: abducted legs with pillow between
Bucks traction: used before surgery using weights
Compartment syndrome
Extremely painful condition when pressure within the muscles builds to dangerous levels -cutting off flow and oxygen
Unrelieved with morphine
Paresthesia
Increased ICP (intracranial pressure)
S/s: sudden vomiting “emesis” without nausea -report to HCP
Fixed and dilated pupils 8mm (2-6mm normal)
Autonomic Dysteflexia
Spinal cord injury above T-6
Causes: bladder distended, constipation, tight clothing
S/s: hypertension, throbbing headache, bradycardia
Neuro Diseases
CNS:
MS (body attacks myelin sheath)
Parkinson’s (low dopamine, high acetylcholine)
Alzheimer’s
Huntington disease (genetic by one parent)
PNS:
MG (dry body and weak muscles like seizure)
ALS (difficulty swallowing, respiratory problems)
GB (ground up paralysis)
Urinary incontinence
Assist patient to toilet every 2 hours
Bronchoscopy
POST PROCEDURE CARE
CALL HCP
Stridor (laryngospasm)
Bright red blood tinged sputum (hemoptysis)
COPD
Deadly complications
Respiratory failure: Hypercapnic- priority is BiPap
Report increase in sputum
Diet: oral hygiene before meals to wake up taste buds
Vaccines:
Pneumococcal (every 5 years)
Flu vaccine every year
Cystic Fibrosis
NURSING CARE
Increase fluid intake
Financial counseling (lifelong disease burden needs to be planned for)
Pleural effusion
Fluid in pleural space (15mls)
Dull resonance on percussion
Pneumonia
PREVENTION
Schedule follow up and chest X-Ray
Pneumonia vaccine
Early ambulation 8 hrs after surgery
TB: Tuberculosis
T: terrible cough “blood” tinged
B: Bad infection (fever, night sweats)
Positive Test: over 15mm induration (10mm for renal disease pt’s)
Tracheostomy care
Priority NEW TRACHEOSTOMY:
Checking tightness of ties
1 finger to fit under ties
