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EAP 4 > List 5 > Flashcards

List 5 Flashcards

1
Q

approve

A

to have a positive feeling towards someone or something that you consider to be good or suitable

  • I don’t really approve of children wearing make-up.
  • He seemed to approve of my choice.
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2
Q

approval

A

a positive feeling that you have towards someone or something that you think is good or suitable
- Most of his girlfriends failed to meet with his father’s approval.
official agreement or permission, given by someone in authority
- We sent the design to the planning department for approval.
-

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3
Q

subject to someone’s approval

A

=needing to be approved by them

- Any recommendations are subject to the approval of shareholders.

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4
Q

approving

A

showing support for someone or satisfaction with something they have done

  • Susan’s joke was greeted with approving laughter.
  • an approving smile
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5
Q

associate

A

to form a connection in your mind between different people or things
- The study found that many people associate science with masculinity.

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6
Q

association

A

a connection between two things

  • Some studies show a strong association between pesticide use and certain diseases.
  • Smoking has a close association with lung cancer.
  • The town has many happy childhood associations for me.
  • The police knew all about his associations with organized crime.
  • a professional association of engineers
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7
Q

cite

A

to mention something as proof for a theory or as a reason why something has happened:
- She cited three reasons why people get into debt.
- She cites both T.S. Eliot and Virginia Woolf in her article. ( to speak or write words taken from a particular writer or written work)
to praise someone in the armed forces publicly because of their brave actions:
- He was cited for bravery.

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8
Q

citation

A

a word or piece of writing taken from a written work
- All citations are taken from the 2007 edition of the text.
official praise for a person in the armed forces for brave actions:
-The four soldiers are to receive citations from the president for their brave actions.

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9
Q

comparison

EXAMINING DIFFERENCES

A

the act of comparing two or more people or things:

  • They made a comparison of different countries’ eating habits.
  • By/In comparison with the French, the British eat far less fish.
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10
Q

comparison

CONSIDERING SIMILARITIES

A

the fact of considering something similar or of equal quality to something else:

  • She drew a comparison between life in the army and life in prison.
  • To my mind there’s no comparison between the two restaurants (= one is much better than the other).
  • He’s a good writer but he doesn’t bear/stand comparison with Shakespeare (= he is not nearly as good as Shakespeare).
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11
Q

compare

A

to consider how things or people are similar and how they are different

  • The results are then compared to the results of previous studies.
  • The research aims to compare and contrast policies in British, American, and Japanese firms.
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12
Q

compare

A

to say that one thing or person is similar to another

- The band has been compared to the Beatles.

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13
Q

comparative

A

comparing different things:
- She’s carrying out a comparative study of health in inner cities and rural areas.

a situation that is comfortable, free, silent, etc. when compared to another situation or what is normal:
- I enjoyed the comparative calm of his flat after the busy office.

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14
Q

comparable

comparably

A

similar in size, amount, or quality to something else:

  • The girls are of comparable ages.
  • Our prices are comparable to/with those in other shops.
  • The two experiences aren’t comparable.
  • Comparably priced ticket
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15
Q

comparatively

A

as compared to something else:

  • We couldn’t afford it and yet we’re comparatively well off (= we are richer than most people).
  • Comparatively speaking, this machine is easy to use.
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16
Q

ethical

A

morally right:

  • The awards recognize companies, individuals, and nonprofit organizations for ethical behavior.
  • ethical practice/trading
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17
Q

ethic

A

a system of accepted beliefs that control behaviour, especially such a system based on morals:

  • The doctor has been accused of violating professional ethics.
  • a code of behavior/ethics
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18
Q

implied

A

if something is implied, it is understood to be true or to exist, although it is not stated directly or in a legal agreement:
- Some judges are of the opinion that there must be an express or implied agreement between the parties before the defense can operate.

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19
Q

implication

A

an occasion when you seem to suggest something without saying it directly:

  • From what she said, the implication was that they were splitting up.
  • She accused the party and, by implication, its leader too.

the effect that an action or decision will have on something else in the future:

  • The company is cutting back its spending and I wonder what the implications will be for our department.
  • What are the implications of the new law?

the fact of suggesting or showing that someone is involved in something illegal or morally wrong

  • the government’s implication in illegal arms trading
  • the implication of senior officers in the affair
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20
Q

imply

A

to communicate an idea or feeling without saying it directly:

  • Are you implying (that) I’m fat?
  • I’m not implying anything about your cooking, but could we eat out tonight?
  • I detected an implied criticism of the way he was treated.

to involve something or make it necessary:
- Socialism implies equality.

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21
Q

interfere

A

to involve yourself in a situation when your involvement is not wanted or is not helpful:

  • It’s their problem and I’m not going to interfere.
  • I’d never interfere between (US with) a husband and wife.
  • Interfering in other people’s relationships is always a mistake.
  • Even a little noise interferes with my concentration.
22
Q

interference

A

an occasion when someone tries to interfere in a situation:

  • She seems to regard any advice or help from me as interference.
  • The government’s interference in the strike has been widely criticized.

noise or other electronic signals that stop you from getting good pictures or sound on a television or radio

23
Q

interfering

A

An interfering person gets involved in other people’s lives in an unwanted and annoying way:
- He’s an interfering old busybody - who I go out with is none of his business!

24
Q

observe (watch)

A

to watch carefully the way something happens or the way someone does something, especially in order to learn more about it:

  • The role of scientists is to observe and describe the world, not to try to control it.
  • He spent a year in the jungle, observing how deforestation is affecting local tribes.
  • Children learn by observing adults.
25
Q

observe (notice/see)

A

to notice or see:

  • Jack observed a look of anxiety on his brother’s face.
  • [ + question word ] The guards failed to observe who delivered the package.
  • [ + that ] In all these films one observes that directors are taking a new interest in Native American culture.
  • [ + infinitive without to ] A teacher observed her climb over the gate.
26
Q

observe (obey)

A

to obey a law, rule, or custom:

  • People must observe the law. Nobody should be an exception.
  • The old people in the village still observe the local traditions.
  • Do you observe Passover?
27
Q

observation (watching)

A

the act of observing something or someone:

  • close observation of nature/human nature/animal behaviour
  • The police are keeping the suspect under observation.
  • She was admitted to hospital for observation (= so that doctors could watch her and see if anything was wrong with her).
28
Q

observation (noticing)

A

the fact that you notice or see something:
- She has remarkable powers of observation (= is very good at noticing things).

a remark about something that you have noticed:

  • The book is full of interesting observations on/about the nature of musical composition.
  • May I make an observation?
29
Q

observable

A

that can be noticed or seen:

  • There’s no observable connection between the two events.
  • Large new buildings often have readily observable impacts on wildlife habitats.
30
Q

readily

A

quickly, immediately, willingly, or without any problem:

  • He readily agreed to help.
  • Larger sizes are readily available.
31
Q

marginally

A

slightly:

- marginally more expensive

32
Q

marginal

A

very small in amount or effect:

- The report suggests that there has only been a marginal improvement in women’s pay over the past few years.

33
Q

margin

A

the profit made on a product or service:

  • Our increased profits are due to improved margins and successful cost control.
  • Using cheap labour increases profit margin.

something that makes a particular thing possible, such as an extra amount of money, time, etc. allowed that makes it possible to deal with an emergency:

  • There is not much margin for creativity in a job like this.
  • They allow an additional safety margin of five minutes between planes taking off.
  • The election was won by the very narrow margin of only 185 votes.
  • She won the presidency by a wide margin.
  • The president won the election by a razor-thin margin.
34
Q

a margin for error

A

A margin for error is the amount by which you can make a mistake without risking complete failure:
- There is no margin for error – it’s got to work the first time.

35
Q

reactionary

A

a person who is opposed to political or social change or new ideas:
- Reactionaries are preventing reforms.

36
Q

restriction

A

a rule, action, or situation that limits or controls someone or something

  • trade/travel/speed/parking restrictions
  • restriction on: The county faces restrictions on the use of water for irrigating crops.
  • impose/place restrictions (on): The judge had imposed restrictions on the reporting of the case.
  • lift/remove restrictions (on): We have been asking the government to lift all restrictions on food shipments.
37
Q

restrict

A

to keep something within strict limits

  • Travel is a dream of mine, but a busy working life has restricted my opportunities.
  • restrict something to something: Doctors have restricted the number of visits to two per day.

to physically limit or control the movement of something or someone

  • The drug restricts blood flow.
  • New roads and communities restrict the migration of the elk.
38
Q

restricted

A

intended only for people who have been given special permission
- The officers were caught photographing in a restricted military zone.
- Access is restricted to the elderly. (only for elderly)
-

39
Q

substantially

A

to a large degree:
- The new rules will substantially change how we do things.

generally:
- This model has leather seats, but the two cars are substantially the same.

40
Q

substantial

A

large in size, value, or importance:

  • The findings show a substantial difference between the opinions of men and women.
  • She inherited a substantial fortune from her grandmother.
  • The first draft of his novel needed a substantial amount of rewriting.

relating to the main or most important things being considered:
- The committee was in substantial agreement (= agreed about most of the things discussed).

41
Q

Technical

A

involving science or industry

  • technical experts
  • The job requires someone with specialized scientific and technical knowledge.

technical language is difficult to understand for people who do not know a lot about the subject

  • The text is interesting and informative, without being too technical.
  • a technical term: a technical term in philosophy

relating to the skills needed to do a particular activity, especially in sport or art
- The dancers reached extremely high levels of technical skill and ability.

42
Q

Technically

A

according to an exact understanding of rules, facts, etc.:

  • Technically, the country’s economic problems are over, but recovery will be slow.
  • young people who are technically still children

in a way that relates to the knowledge, machines, or methods used in science and industry:
- technically advanced weapons

43
Q

variable

A

something that can change and affect the result of a situation
- All these variables can affect a student’s performance.

44
Q

vary

A

to be different in different situations

  • vary according to/depending on: Car taxes will now vary according to the amount of carbon dioxide a particular car emits.
  • vary with: Fees vary with the size of the job.
  • vary considerably/greatly/widely/enormously: People’s reactions to the drug can vary widely.
  • vary from… to…: The planning laws vary from town to town.

to change something

  • I’m trying to vary the children’s diet a little.
  • The software allows you to vary the size of the print.
45
Q

occur

A

to happen, especially unexpectedly

  • The police said that the accident occurred at about 4.30 pm.
  • occur in: Complications occurred in only 5% of patients.

to exist or be found somewhere

  • occur in/on etc: This small tree also occurs in central and southern India.
  • These are just some of the elements that occur on our planet.
46
Q

occurrence

A

something that happens, especially something unexpected and unpleasant

  • Unfortunately, computer errors are a common occurrence.
  • an increase in the occurrence of skin cancer
47
Q

precaution

A

something done to protect people or things against possible harm or trouble

  • as a precaution: Residents along the coast were evacuated as a precaution.
  • take precautions: Doctors recommend taking precautions to protect your skin from the sun.
  • Many people have been stockpiling food as a precaution against shortages.
  • They failed to take the necessary precautions to avoid infection.
48
Q

precautionary

A

intended to prevent something unpleasant or dangerous from happening:

  • The company has withdrawn the drug as a precautionary measure.
  • Hospital staff are stressing the tests are purely precautionary and say the chances of anyone catching the disease are a million to one.
  • He was taken to hospital for a precautionary examination.
  • a precautionary step/measure
49
Q

procedure

A

a way of doing something, especially the correct or usual way

  • Companies use a variety of testing procedures to select appropriate candidates.
  • procedure for: The procedure for doing this is explained fully in Appendix 3.
  • follow a procedure: Those ticket holders who followed the proper procedure will receive a full refund.
  • standard/proper procedure: Apparently the way we were treated is standard procedure in the department.

a medical operation that is done in a particular way
- It’s a difficult procedure that can take 7 or 8 hours.

50
Q

procedural

A

relating to a procedure, especially a legal one

- procedural rules/requirements

51
Q

publisher

A

a person or company that manages the development and production of books, magazines, games, software etc and makes them available to the public

  • My father was the editor and publisher of a small town newspaper.
  • Gameloft is one of the biggest mobile game publishers for iOS and Android.
52
Q

publish

A

to make information available to people, especially in a book, magazine, or newspaper, or to produce and sell a book, magazine, or newspaper:

  • She’s just had an article published in their weekend supplement.
  • The government publishes figures every six months showing how many people are unemployed.
  • The names of the winners of the competition will be published in June.
  • She was only 19 when her first novel was published.

EAP 4 (10 decks)

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