Lippincott chapter 5

Question 1

What is a vaccine?

Answer 1

A biological preparation that enhances immunity to a particular disease

Question 2

What does the vaccine contain?

Answer 2

an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made of weakend or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins

Question 3

Whooping cough =

Answer 3

Pertussis

Question 4

German measles =

Answer 4

Rubella

Question 5

Measles =

Answer 5

Rubeola

Question 6

Chickenpox =

Answer 6

Varicella

Question 7

Protection of individuals from disease by vaccination can take two forms:

Answer 7

• Passive immunization

- Active immunization

Question 8

How is passive immunization achieved?

Answer 8

It is achieved by injecting a recipient with preformed immunoglobulins (Igs) obtained from human (or, occationally, equine(horsefamilies or horse)) serum.

Question 9

What does the passive immunization provide?

Answer 9

It provides immediate protection to individuals who have been exposed to an infectious organism and who lack activie immunity to that pathogen

Question 10

Does the passive immunization activate the immune system?

Answer 10

Nope. It generates no memory response

Question 11

Dissipate =

Answer 11

dissapear or cause to dissapear

Question 12

What happens with the passive immunization after getting inside the body?

Answer 12

Passive immunity dissipates after a few weeks to few months as the Igs are cleared from the recipient´s serum.

Question 13

What two basic formulations of prepared Igs have been developed?

Answer 13

• from the serum of pooled human donors

- from serum obtained from hyperimmune donors

Question 14

How is the active immunization achieved?

Answer 14

it is achieved by injection of viable or nonviable pathogens, or purified pathogen product, promting the immune system to respond as if the body were being attacked by an intact infectious microoorganism.

Question 15

What does the passive immunization provide?

Answer 15

immediate protection

Question 16

When does the active immunization provide effective protection?

Answer 16

Active immunization may require several days to months to become effective

Question 17

What does the active immunization provide?

Answer 17

Active immunization leads to prolonged immunity and is generally preferred over the short-term immunity provided by passive immunization with preformed Igs.

Question 18

Vaccines are:

Answer 18

1. live, attenuated (weakened) microorganisms
2. killed microorganisms
3. microbial extracts
4. vaccine conjugates
5. inactivated toxins (toxoids)

Question 19

Inactivated toxins =

Answer 19

Toxoids

Question 20

Attenuated =

Answer 20

Weakened

Question 21

Difference between killed microorganisms and live pathogens?

Answer 21

Killed vaccines have no risks compared to live pathogens, because the live pathogens that are weakened can become the active form.

Question 22

Live pathogens:

Answer 22

• can become the active form (RISK)
• give long-lasting immune response
• should not be given to immunocompromised individuals because there is the potential fro a disseminated infection

Question 23

Killed microorganism:

Answer 23

• no risk

- weak or short-lived immune response

Question 24

Give example of vaccines that are available both in live and killed versions:

Answer 24

• polio vaccine

- typhoid vaccine

Question 25

What are the microbial extracts vaccines composed of?

Answer 25

• composed of antigen molecules (instead of the whole organism) extracted from the pathogen or prepared by recombinant DNA techniques

Question 26

Give example of how the efficiacy of the microbial extracts vaccines varies:

Answer 26

• vaccine antigen is present on all strains of the organisms, and the vaccine, thus, protects on all strains of the organism
• with e.g. pneumococcus, protective antibody is produced against only a specific capsular polysaccharide, one among more than 80 distinct types

Question 27

What is the leading cause of the common cold?

Answer 27

rhino virus infection

Question 28

Vaccine conjugates:

Answer 28

• vaccines can produce humoral immunity throught cell proliferation leading to antibody production, which may or may not involve helper T cells. Look at page 3 for examples

Question 29

Toxoids:

Answer 29

• are derivatives of bacterial exotoxins produced by chemically altering the natural toxin or by engineering bacteria to produce harmless variants of the toxin

Question 30

When are the vaccines containing toxoid used?

Answer 30

they are used when the pathogenicity of the organism is a result of secreted toxin. Depending on the specific vaccine, administration is generally via intramuscular or subcutaneous routes.

Question 31

Give examples of vaccines containing killed pathogens:

Answer 31

• Hepatitis A

- Salk polio vaccine

Question 32

Give examples of vaccines containing antigenic components of pathogens:

Answer 32

• Hepatitis B subunit vaccine

Question 33

What types of vaccines elicit a primary B cell-mediated humoral response

Answer 33

Vaccines containing killed pathogens or antigenic components of pathogens do not enter host cells, thereby eliciting a primary B cell-mediated humoral response. These antibodies are ineffective in attacking intracellular organism.

Question 34

How does a vaccine promote a cytotoxic T-cell response

Answer 34

.