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BIOCHEMISTRY > Lipids of Physiologic Significance > Flashcards

Lipids of Physiologic Significance Flashcards

1
Q

Properties of lipids:

A

(1) Relatively insoluble in water

(2) Soluble in nonpolar solvents such as ether and chloroform

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2
Q

It is where đź’ˇfat is stored.

It also serves as a đź’ˇthermal insulator.

A

ADIPOSE TISSUE

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3
Q

Nonpolar lipids act as (1)__, allowing rapid propagation of (2)__ along myelinated nerves

A

(1) Electrical insulators

(2) Depolarization waves

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4
Q

They transport lipids in the blood.

A

Lipoprotein

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5
Q

Lipids are classified as:

A

Simple lipids

Complex lipids

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6
Q

Example of simple lipids:

A

Fats and waxes

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7
Q

Examples of complex lipids:

A

Phospholipids and Glycolipids

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8
Q

These are đź’ˇesters of fatty acids with đź’ˇvarious alcohols

A

Simple Lipids

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9
Q

These are simple lipids which are đź’ˇesters of fatty acids with đź’ˇglycerol.

A

Fats

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10
Q

These are fats in the đź’ˇliquid state.

A

Oils

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11
Q

These are simple lipids which are đź’ˇesters of fatty acids with đź’ˇhigher molecular weight monohydric alcohols.

A

Waxes

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12
Q

These are đź’ˇesters of fatty acids containing groups in addition to an đź’ˇalcohol and đź’ˇone or more fatty acids.

A

Complex lipids

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13
Q

Lipids containing, in addition to fatty acids and an alcohol, a đź’ˇphosphoric acid residue.

A

Phospholipids

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14
Q

It is an alcohol present in many đź’ˇphospholipids.

A

GLYCEROL

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15
Q

It is an alcohol present in đź’ˇspingophospholipids.

A

SPHINGOSINE

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16
Q

Lipids containing a đź’ˇfatty acid, đź’ˇsphingosine, and đź’ˇcarbohydrate.

A

Glycolipids (glycosphingolipids)

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17
Q

Examples of neutral lipids:

A

Acylglycerols (glycerides)
Cholesterol
Cholesteryl esters

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18
Q

These are đź’ˇaliphatic carboxylic acids

They occur in the body mainly as esters in natural fats and oils

A

Fatty Acids

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19
Q

These are đź’ˇunesterified form and a đź’ˇtransport form in the plasma.

A

Free Fatty Acids

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20
Q

Fatty acids that occur in natural fats usually contain an __.

A

Even number of carbon atoms

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21
Q

It is a term when the fatty acid chain contains đź’ˇno double bonds.

A

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS

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22
Q

It is a term when the fatty acid chain contains đź’ˇone or more double bonds.

A

UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

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23
Q

Saturated fatty acids ends in?

A

-anoic

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24
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids with double bonds ends in?

A

-enoic

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25
Q

Carbon atoms are numbered from the (1)__ (carbon no. 1). The carbon atoms adjacent to the carboxyl carbon (nos. 2, 3, and 4) are also known as the (2)__, respectively, and the terminal methyl carbon is known as the (3)__.

A

(1) Carboxyl carbon
(2) α, β, and γ carbons
(3) ω- or n-carbon

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26
Q

It is use for indicating the đź’ˇnumber and đź’ˇposition of the double bonds

A

Δ

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27
Q

Fatty acids containing đź’ˇone double bond

A

Monounsaturated

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28
Q

Fatty acids containing đź’ˇtwo or more double bonds

A

Polyunsaturated

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29
Q

These fatty acids are derived from đź’ˇeicosa (20-carbon) polyenoic fatty acids.

A

Eicosanoids

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30
Q

They are synthesized đź’ˇin vivo by đź’ˇcyclization of the center of the carbon chain of 20-carbon (eicosanoic) polyunsaturated fatty acids (eg, arachidonic acid) to form a cyclopentane ring

A

Prostaglandins

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31
Q

They have the đź’ˇcyclopentane ring interrupted with an oxygen atom đź’ˇ(oxane ring)

A

Thromboxanes

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32
Q

It is a saturated fatty acid with đź’ˇ2 carbon atoms

A

Acetic acid

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33
Q

It is a saturated fatty acid with đź’ˇ4 carbon atoms

A

Butyric Acid

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34
Q

It is a saturated fatty acid with đź’ˇ5 carbon atoms

A

Valeric Acid

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35
Q

It is a saturated fatty acid with đź’ˇ6 carbon atoms

A

Caproic Acid

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36
Q

It is a saturated fatty acid with đź’ˇ12 carbon atoms

A

Lauric Acid

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37
Q

It is a saturated fatty acid with đź’ˇ14 carbon atoms

A

Myristic Acid

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38
Q

It is a saturated fatty acid with đź’ˇ16 carbon atoms

A

Palmitic Acid

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39
Q

It is a saturated fatty acid with đź’ˇ18 carbon atoms

A

Stearic Acid

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40
Q

Most naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids have? __.

A

Cis double bonds

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41
Q

The carbon chains of saturated fatty acids form a (1)__ when extended at (2)__. At (3)__, some bonds rotate, causing (4)__, which explains why biomembranes become thinner with increases in temperature.

A

(1) Zigzag pattern
(2) Low temperatures
(3) Higher temperatures
(4) Chain shortening

42
Q

These are present in certain foods, arising as a 💡by-product of the saturation of fatty acids during 💡hydrogenation, or 💡“hardening,” of natural oils in the manufacture of margarine.

A

Trans fatty acids

43
Q

It is the đź’ˇtrans isomer of oleic acid.

A

Elaidic acid

44
Q

A triacylglycerol containing three saturated fatty acids of 12 carbons or more is (1)__ at body temperature, whereas if the fatty acid residues are polyunsaturated, it is (2)__ to below 0°C.

A

(1) Solid

(2) Liquid

45
Q

Give examples of omega-3-fatty acids:

A

Alpha-linolenic (ALA)
Eicosapentaenoic (EPA)
Docosahexaenoic (DHA)

46
Q

These are fatty acids that have 💡anti-inflammatory effects, perhaps due to their effects in promoting the synthesis of less inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes as compared to ω6 fatty acids

A

Long chain ω3 fatty acids

47
Q

It is a long chain ω3 fatty acid found in 💡plant oils.

A

Alpha-linolenic (ALA)

48
Q

It is a long chain ω3 fatty acid found in 💡fish oils

A

Eicosapentaenoic (EPA)

49
Q

It is a long chain ω3 fatty acid found in 💡fish and algal oils

A

Docosahexaenoic (DHA)

50
Q

These are esters of the đź’ˇtrihydric alcohol glycerol and fatty acids.

These are the đź’ˇmain storage forms of fatty acids.

A

Triacylglycerols (Triglycerides)

51
Q

The __of glycerol are not identical when viewed in three dimensions.

A

Carbons 1 and 3

52
Q

Glycerol is always phosphorylated on (1)__ by (2)__ to give (3)__ and not glycerol-1-phosphate

A

(1) sn-3
(2) Glycerol kinase
(3) Glycerol-3-phosphate

53
Q

These are đź’ˇderivatives of phosphatidic acid, in which the đź’ˇphosphate is esterified with one OH group of glycerol and the other two OH groups are esterified to two long chain fatty acids (glycerophospholipids).

A

Phospholipids

54
Q

These are the đź’ˇmain lipid constituents of membranes.

A

Phospholipids

55
Q

It is important as an đź’ˇintermediate in the synthesis of triacylglycerols as well as phosphoglycerols but is not found in any great quantity in tissues.

A

Phosphatidic acid

56
Q

Glycerophospholipids containing choline which are the 💡most abundant phospholipids of the cell membrane and 💡represent a large proportion of the body’s store of choline.

A

Phosphatidylcholines (Lecithins)

57
Q

-

A

Choline

58
Q

-

A

Acetylcholine

59
Q

It is a very effective đź’ˇsurface-active agent and a đź’ˇmajor constituent of the surfactant preventing adherence, due to surface tension, of the inner surfaces of the lungs.

A

Dipalmitoyl lecithin

60
Q

đź’ˇAbsence of dipalmitoyl lecithin from the lungs of premature infants causes?

A

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

61
Q

-

A

Phosphatidylethanolamine (cephalin)

62
Q

It plays a role in đź’ˇapoptosis (programmed cell death)

A

Phosphatidylserine

63
Q

These are found in the đź’ˇouter leaflet of the cell membrane lipid bilayer and are particularly abundant in specialized areas of the plasma membrane known as đź’ˇlipid rafts.

They are also found in large quantities in the đź’ˇmyelin sheath that surrounds nerve fibers.

They are believed to play a role in đź’ˇcell signaling and in đź’ˇapoptosis.

A

Sphingomyelins

64
Q

It is the combination of đź’ˇsphingosine plus fatty acid which is a structure also found in the glycosphingolipids

A

Ceramide

65
Q

These are đź’ˇphosphorylated phosphatidylinositols which are a minor components of cell membranes, but play an important part in đź’ˇcell signaling and đź’ˇmembrane trafficking.

A

Phosphoinositides

66
Q

It is a đź’ˇprecursor of second messengers.

A

Phosphatidylinositol

67
Q

It is the đź’ˇmajor lipid of mitochondrial membranes.

It is only found in the đź’ˇmitochondria and is essential for the mitochondrial function.

A

Cardiolipin

68
Q

These are đź’ˇintermediate in the metabolism of phosphoglycerols

A

Lysophospholipids

69
Q

It is found in đź’ˇoxidized lipoproteins and has been implicated in some of their effects in promoting đź’ˇatherosclerosis.

A

Lysophosphatidylcholine (lysolecithin)

70
Q

These compounds constitute as much as 10% to 30% of the phospholipids of brain and heart.

They resemble phosphatidylethanolamine but possess an đź’ˇether link on the sn-1 carbon instead of the ester link found in acylglycerols.

A

Plasmalogens

71
Q

These are lipids with an attached đź’ˇcarbohydrate or carbohydrate chain.
They are widely distributed in every tissue of the body, particularly in đź’ˇnervous tissue such as brain.

A

Glycolipids

72
Q

Gycolipids occur particularly in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, where they contribute to (1)__ which form the (2)__.

A

(1) Cell surface carbohydrates

(2) Glycocalyx

73
Q

It is the đź’ˇmajor glycolipids found in animal tissues

They contain đź’ˇceramide and đź’ˇone or more sugars.

A

Glycosphingolipids

74
Q

It is a đź’ˇmajor glycosphingolipid of brain and other nervous tissue, found in relatively low amounts elsewhere.

A

Galactosylceramide

75
Q

It is a đź’ˇgalactosylceremide with a đź’ˇsulfo group attached to the O in the three position of galactose and is present in high amounts in myelin.

A

Sulfogalactosylceramide (sulfatide)

76
Q

It resembles galactosylceramide, but the head group is glucose rather than galactose.

It is the predominant simple glycosphingolipid of đź’ˇextraneural tissues, also occurring in the brain in small amounts.

A

Glucosylceramide

77
Q

These are complex glycosphingolipids derived fro glucosylceramide that contain in addition one or more molecules of đź’ˇsialic acid.

These are present in nervous tissues in high concentration.

A

Gangliosides

78
Q

It is the đź’ˇprincipal sialic acid found in human tissues.

A

Neuraminic Acid

79
Q

Functions of gangliosides:

A
  1. Cell-cell recognition and communication

2. Receptors for hormones and bacterial toxins (e.g. cholera toxin)

80
Q

It is the simplest ganglioside found in tissues which contains ceramide, one molecule of glucose, one molecule of galactose, and one molecule of NeuAc.

A

GM3

81
Q

It is a đź’ˇprecursor of a large number of equally important steroids that include the bile acids, adrenocortical hormones, sex hormones, vitamin D, and cardiac glycosides.

A

Cholesterol

82
Q

It is widely distributed in all cells of the body but particularly in nervous tissue.
It is a đź’ˇmajor constituent of the plasma membrane and of plasma lipoproteins

A

Cholesterol

83
Q

It a form of cholesterol where theđź’ˇ hydroxyl group on position 3 is đź’ˇesterified with a long-chain fatty acid.

A

Cholesteryl ester

84
Q

-

A

Ergosterol

85
Q

It is a polyprenoids which participates in the đź’ˇrespiratory chain in mitochondria.

A

Ubiquinone

86
Q

It is a polyprenoids which is a long-chain alcohol that takes part in glycoprotein synthesis by transferring carbohydrate residues to asparagine residues of the polypeptide (s

A

Dolichol

87
Q

Lipid peroxidation is a source of?

These are molecules that have đź’ˇunpaired valence electrons, making them highly reactive

A

Free radicals

88
Q

-

A

Peroxidation (auto-oxidation)

89
Q

These are đź’ˇproduced during peroxide formation from fatty acids containing methylene-interrupted double bonds, that is, those found in the naturally occurring polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

90
Q

It is a chain reaction providing a continuous supply of ROS that initiate further peroxidation and thus has potentially devastating effects.

A

Lipid peroxidation

91
Q

It is use to đź’ˇcontrol and reduce lipid peroxidation, both humans in their activities and nature

A

Antioxidants

92
Q

These are examples of antioxidants that are used as food additives.

A 
Propylgallate
Butylated  hydroxyanisole  (BHA), 
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)
93
Q

These are naturally occurring antioxidants:

A

Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
Urate
Vitamin C

94
Q

2 classes of antioxidants:

A

(1) Preventive antioxidants

(2) Chain-breaking antioxidants

95
Q

It is a class of antioxidant which đź’ˇreduce the rate of chain initiation.

EXAMPLES: catalase, peroxidases

A

Preventive antioxidants

96
Q

It is a class of antioxidant which đź’ˇinterfere with chain propagation.

A

Chain-breaking antioxidants

97
Q

It is the đź’ˇprincipal chain-breaking antioxidants in vivo.

It acts in the aqueous phase to trap superoxide free radicals ( O2 ) urate, and vitamin E, which acts in the lipid phase to trap ROO• radicals .

A

Superoxide dismutase

98
Q

When a critical concentration of these lipids is present in an aqueous medium, they form __.

A

Micelles

99
Q

These may be formed by đź’ˇsonicating an amphipathic lipid in an aqueous medium.

A

Liposomes

100
Q

Clinical use of liposomes;

A
  1. Carriers of drug in the circulation.
  2. Used for gene transfer into vascular cells.
  3. Carriers for topical and transdermal delivery of drugs and cosmetics.
101
Q

These are much larger particles, formed usually by nonpolar lipids in an aqueous medium.
These are stabilized by emulsifying agents such as amphipathic lipids (eg, phosphatidylcholine), which form a surface layer separating the main bulk of the nonpolar material from the aqueous phase

A

Emulsions

BIOCHEMISTRY (11 decks)

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