Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOCHEMISTRY > Lipids of Physiologic Significance > Flashcards

Lipids of Physiologic Significance Flashcards

1
Q

Properties of lipids:

A

(1) Relatively insoluble in water

(2) Soluble in nonpolar solvents such as ether and chloroform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

It is where 💡fat is stored.

It also serves as a 💡thermal insulator.

A

ADIPOSE TISSUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nonpolar lipids act as (1)__, allowing rapid propagation of (2)__ along myelinated nerves

A

(1) Electrical insulators

(2) Depolarization waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

They transport lipids in the blood.

A

Lipoprotein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Lipids are classified as:

A

Simple lipids

Complex lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Example of simple lipids:

A

Fats and waxes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Examples of complex lipids:

A

Phospholipids and Glycolipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

These are 💡esters of fatty acids with 💡various alcohols

A

Simple Lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

These are simple lipids which are 💡esters of fatty acids with 💡glycerol.

A

Fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

These are fats in the 💡liquid state.

A

Oils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

These are simple lipids which are 💡esters of fatty acids with 💡higher molecular weight monohydric alcohols.

A

Waxes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

These are 💡esters of fatty acids containing groups in addition to an 💡alcohol and 💡one or more fatty acids.

A

Complex lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Lipids containing, in addition to fatty acids and an alcohol, a 💡phosphoric acid residue.

A

Phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

It is an alcohol present in many 💡phospholipids.

A

GLYCEROL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

It is an alcohol present in 💡spingophospholipids.

A

SPHINGOSINE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Lipids containing a 💡fatty acid, 💡sphingosine, and 💡carbohydrate.

A

Glycolipids (glycosphingolipids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Examples of neutral lipids:

A

Acylglycerols (glycerides)
Cholesterol
Cholesteryl esters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

These are 💡aliphatic carboxylic acids

They occur in the body mainly as esters in natural fats and oils

A

Fatty Acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

These are 💡unesterified form and a 💡transport form in the plasma.

A

Free Fatty Acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Fatty acids that occur in natural fats usually contain an __.

A

Even number of carbon atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

It is a term when the fatty acid chain contains 💡no double bonds.

A

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

It is a term when the fatty acid chain contains 💡one or more double bonds.

A

UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Saturated fatty acids ends in?

A

-anoic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids with double bonds ends in?

A

-enoic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Carbon atoms are numbered from the (1)__ (carbon no. 1). The carbon atoms adjacent to the carboxyl carbon (nos. 2, 3, and 4) are also known as the (2)__, respectively, and the terminal methyl carbon is known as the (3)__.

A

(1) Carboxyl carbon
(2) α, β, and γ carbons
(3) ω- or n-carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

It is use for indicating the 💡number and 💡position of the double bonds

A

Δ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Fatty acids containing 💡one double bond

A

Monounsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Fatty acids containing 💡two or more double bonds

A

Polyunsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

These fatty acids are derived from 💡eicosa (20-carbon) polyenoic fatty acids.

A

Eicosanoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

They are synthesized 💡in vivo by 💡cyclization of the center of the carbon chain of 20-carbon (eicosanoic) polyunsaturated fatty acids (eg, arachidonic acid) to form a cyclopentane ring

A

Prostaglandins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

They have the 💡cyclopentane ring interrupted with an oxygen atom 💡(oxane ring)

A

Thromboxanes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

It is a saturated fatty acid with 💡2 carbon atoms

A

Acetic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

It is a saturated fatty acid with 💡4 carbon atoms

A

Butyric Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

It is a saturated fatty acid with 💡5 carbon atoms

A

Valeric Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

It is a saturated fatty acid with 💡6 carbon atoms

A

Caproic Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

It is a saturated fatty acid with 💡12 carbon atoms

A

Lauric Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

It is a saturated fatty acid with 💡14 carbon atoms

A

Myristic Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

It is a saturated fatty acid with 💡16 carbon atoms

A

Palmitic Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

It is a saturated fatty acid with 💡18 carbon atoms

A

Stearic Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Most naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids have? __.

A

Cis double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The carbon chains of saturated fatty acids form a (1)__ when extended at (2)__. At (3)__, some bonds rotate, causing (4)__, which explains why biomembranes become thinner with increases in temperature.

A

(1) Zigzag pattern
(2) Low temperatures
(3) Higher temperatures
(4) Chain shortening

42
Q

These are present in certain foods, arising as a 💡by-product of the saturation of fatty acids during 💡hydrogenation, or 💡“hardening,” of natural oils in the manufacture of margarine.

A

Trans fatty acids

43
Q

It is the 💡trans isomer of oleic acid.

A

Elaidic acid

44
Q

A triacylglycerol containing three saturated fatty acids of 12 carbons or more is (1)__ at body temperature, whereas if the fatty acid residues are polyunsaturated, it is (2)__ to below 0°C.

A

(1) Solid

(2) Liquid

45
Q

Give examples of omega-3-fatty acids:

A

Alpha-linolenic (ALA)
Eicosapentaenoic (EPA)
Docosahexaenoic (DHA)

46
Q

These are fatty acids that have 💡anti-inflammatory effects, perhaps due to their effects in promoting the synthesis of less inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes as compared to ω6 fatty acids

A

Long chain ω3 fatty acids

47
Q

It is a long chain ω3 fatty acid found in 💡plant oils.

A

Alpha-linolenic (ALA)

48
Q

It is a long chain ω3 fatty acid found in 💡fish oils

A

Eicosapentaenoic (EPA)

49
Q

It is a long chain ω3 fatty acid found in 💡fish and algal oils

A

Docosahexaenoic (DHA)

50
Q

These are esters of the 💡trihydric alcohol glycerol and fatty acids.

These are the 💡main storage forms of fatty acids.

A

Triacylglycerols (Triglycerides)

51
Q

The __of glycerol are not identical when viewed in three dimensions.

A

Carbons 1 and 3

52
Q

Glycerol is always phosphorylated on (1)__ by (2)__ to give (3)__ and not glycerol-1-phosphate

A

(1) sn-3
(2) Glycerol kinase
(3) Glycerol-3-phosphate

53
Q

These are 💡derivatives of phosphatidic acid, in which the 💡phosphate is esterified with one OH group of glycerol and the other two OH groups are esterified to two long chain fatty acids (glycerophospholipids).

A

Phospholipids

54
Q

These are the 💡main lipid constituents of membranes.

A

Phospholipids

55
Q

It is important as an 💡intermediate in the synthesis of triacylglycerols as well as phosphoglycerols but is not found in any great quantity in tissues.

A

Phosphatidic acid

56
Q

Glycerophospholipids containing choline which are the 💡most abundant phospholipids of the cell membrane and 💡represent a large proportion of the body’s store of choline.

A

Phosphatidylcholines (Lecithins)

57
Q

-

A

Choline

58
Q

-

A

Acetylcholine

59
Q

It is a very effective 💡surface-active agent and a 💡major constituent of the surfactant preventing adherence, due to surface tension, of the inner surfaces of the lungs.

A

Dipalmitoyl lecithin

60
Q

💡Absence of dipalmitoyl lecithin from the lungs of premature infants causes?

A

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

61
Q

-

A

Phosphatidylethanolamine (cephalin)

62
Q

It plays a role in 💡apoptosis (programmed cell death)

A

Phosphatidylserine

63
Q

These are found in the 💡outer leaflet of the cell membrane lipid bilayer and are particularly abundant in specialized areas of the plasma membrane known as 💡lipid rafts.

They are also found in large quantities in the 💡myelin sheath that surrounds nerve fibers.

They are believed to play a role in 💡cell signaling and in 💡apoptosis.

A

Sphingomyelins

64
Q

It is the combination of 💡sphingosine plus fatty acid which is a structure also found in the glycosphingolipids

A

Ceramide

65
Q

These are 💡phosphorylated phosphatidylinositols which are a minor components of cell membranes, but play an important part in 💡cell signaling and 💡membrane trafficking.

A

Phosphoinositides

66
Q

It is a 💡precursor of second messengers.

A

Phosphatidylinositol

67
Q

It is the 💡major lipid of mitochondrial membranes.

It is only found in the 💡mitochondria and is essential for the mitochondrial function.

A

Cardiolipin

68
Q

These are 💡intermediate in the metabolism of phosphoglycerols

A

Lysophospholipids

69
Q

It is found in 💡oxidized lipoproteins and has been implicated in some of their effects in promoting 💡atherosclerosis.

A

Lysophosphatidylcholine (lysolecithin)

70
Q

These compounds constitute as much as 10% to 30% of the phospholipids of brain and heart.

They resemble phosphatidylethanolamine but possess an 💡ether link on the sn-1 carbon instead of the ester link found in acylglycerols.

A

Plasmalogens

71
Q

These are lipids with an attached 💡carbohydrate or carbohydrate chain.
They are widely distributed in every tissue of the body, particularly in 💡nervous tissue such as brain.

A

Glycolipids

72
Q

Gycolipids occur particularly in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, where they contribute to (1)__ which form the (2)__.

A

(1) Cell surface carbohydrates

(2) Glycocalyx

73
Q

It is the 💡major glycolipids found in animal tissues

They contain 💡ceramide and 💡one or more sugars.

A

Glycosphingolipids

74
Q

It is a 💡major glycosphingolipid of brain and other nervous tissue, found in relatively low amounts elsewhere.

A

Galactosylceramide

75
Q

It is a 💡galactosylceremide with a 💡sulfo group attached to the O in the three position of galactose and is present in high amounts in myelin.

A

Sulfogalactosylceramide (sulfatide)

76
Q

It resembles galactosylceramide, but the head group is glucose rather than galactose.

It is the predominant simple glycosphingolipid of 💡extraneural tissues, also occurring in the brain in small amounts.

A

Glucosylceramide

77
Q

These are complex glycosphingolipids derived fro glucosylceramide that contain in addition one or more molecules of 💡sialic acid.

These are present in nervous tissues in high concentration.

A

Gangliosides

78
Q

It is the 💡principal sialic acid found in human tissues.

A

Neuraminic Acid

79
Q

Functions of gangliosides:

A
  1. Cell-cell recognition and communication

2. Receptors for hormones and bacterial toxins (e.g. cholera toxin)

80
Q

It is the simplest ganglioside found in tissues which contains ceramide, one molecule of glucose, one molecule of galactose, and one molecule of NeuAc.

A

GM3

81
Q

It is a 💡precursor of a large number of equally important steroids that include the bile acids, adrenocortical hormones, sex hormones, vitamin D, and cardiac glycosides.

A

Cholesterol

82
Q

It is widely distributed in all cells of the body but particularly in nervous tissue.
It is a 💡major constituent of the plasma membrane and of plasma lipoproteins

A

Cholesterol

83
Q

It a form of cholesterol where the💡 hydroxyl group on position 3 is 💡esterified with a long-chain fatty acid.

A

Cholesteryl ester

84
Q

-

A

Ergosterol

85
Q

It is a polyprenoids which participates in the 💡respiratory chain in mitochondria.

A

Ubiquinone

86
Q

It is a polyprenoids which is a long-chain alcohol that takes part in glycoprotein synthesis by transferring carbohydrate residues to asparagine residues of the polypeptide (s

A

Dolichol

87
Q

Lipid peroxidation is a source of?

These are molecules that have 💡unpaired valence electrons, making them highly reactive

A

Free radicals

88
Q

-

A

Peroxidation (auto-oxidation)

89
Q

These are 💡produced during peroxide formation from fatty acids containing methylene-interrupted double bonds, that is, those found in the naturally occurring polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

90
Q

It is a chain reaction providing a continuous supply of ROS that initiate further peroxidation and thus has potentially devastating effects.

A

Lipid peroxidation

91
Q

It is use to 💡control and reduce lipid peroxidation, both humans in their activities and nature

A

Antioxidants

92
Q

These are examples of antioxidants that are used as food additives.

A 
Propylgallate
Butylated  hydroxyanisole  (BHA), 
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)
93
Q

These are naturally occurring antioxidants:

A

Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
Urate
Vitamin C

94
Q

2 classes of antioxidants:

A

(1) Preventive antioxidants

(2) Chain-breaking antioxidants

95
Q

It is a class of antioxidant which 💡reduce the rate of chain initiation.

EXAMPLES: catalase, peroxidases

A

Preventive antioxidants

96
Q

It is a class of antioxidant which 💡interfere with chain propagation.

A

Chain-breaking antioxidants

97
Q

It is the 💡principal chain-breaking antioxidants in vivo.

It acts in the aqueous phase to trap superoxide free radicals ( O2 ) urate, and vitamin E, which acts in the lipid phase to trap ROO• radicals .

A

Superoxide dismutase

98
Q

When a critical concentration of these lipids is present in an aqueous medium, they form __.

A

Micelles

99
Q

These may be formed by 💡sonicating an amphipathic lipid in an aqueous medium.

A

Liposomes

100
Q

Clinical use of liposomes;

A
  1. Carriers of drug in the circulation.
  2. Used for gene transfer into vascular cells.
  3. Carriers for topical and transdermal delivery of drugs and cosmetics.
101
Q

These are much larger particles, formed usually by nonpolar lipids in an aqueous medium.
These are stabilized by emulsifying agents such as amphipathic lipids (eg, phosphatidylcholine), which form a surface layer separating the main bulk of the nonpolar material from the aqueous phase

A

Emulsions

BIOCHEMISTRY (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions