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BIOCHEMISTRY > Carbohydrates of Physiologic Significance > Flashcards

Carbohydrates of Physiologic Significance Flashcards

1
Q

The 💡most important carbohydrate/ monosaccharide

The 💡major metabolic fuel of mammals (except ruminants) and a 💡universal fuel of the fetus

the precursor for synthesis of all the other carbohydrates in the body

A

GLUCOSE

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2
Q

The study of the 💡roles of sugars in health and disease.

A

GLYCOBIOLOGY

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3
Q

The 💡entire complement of sugars of an organism, whether free or present in more complex molecules.

A

GLYCOME

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4
Q

Analogous term to 💡genomics and proteomics, is the 💡comprehensive study of glycomes, including genetic, physiological, pathological, and other aspects.

A

GLYCOMICS

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5
Q

Classification of carbohydrates

A

MONOSACCHARIDES
DISACCHARIDES
OLIGOSACCHARIDES
POLYSACCHARIDES

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6
Q

Those sugars that 💡cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler carbohydrates

A

MONOSACCHAIDES

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7
Q

Classification of monosaccharides depending upon the 💡number of carbon atoms (3-7)

A 
TRIOSES
TETROSES
PENTOSES
HEXOSES
HEPTOSES
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8
Q

Classification of monosaccharides whether they have an 💡aldehyde or ketone group

A

ALDOSES

KETOSES

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9
Q 
Example of the following sugars:
Trioses
Tetroses
Pentoses
Hexoses
Heptoses
A

Respectively:
ALDOSES/KETOSES

GLYCEROSE(GLYCERALDEHYDE)/ DIHYDROXYACETONE
ERYTHROSE/ ERYTHRULOSE
RIBOSE/ RIBULOSE
GLUCOSE/ FRUCTOSE
-/ SEDOHEPTULOSE
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10
Q

condensation products of two monosaccharide units

A

DISACCHARIDES

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11
Q

Examples of disaccharides

A 
LACTOSE
MALTOSE
ISOMALTOSE
SUCROSE
TREHALOSE
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12
Q

Formed by reaction between the 💡aldehyde group and a hydroxyl group

Accounts for the other 💡properties of carbohydrates.

A

HEMIACETAL (CYCLIC STRUCTURE)

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13
Q

How many 💡asymmetric carbon can be seen with 💡glucose?

A

4

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14
Q

How many 💡isomers can be form with glucose?

A

16

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15
Q

It is a 💡three carbon sugar

A

Glycerose (glyceraldehyde)

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16
Q

The —OH group on this carbon is on the 💡right

A

D Isomer

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17
Q

The —OH group on this carbon is on the 💡left

A

L isomer

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18
Q

Most of the naturally occurring monosaccharides are __.

A

D sugars

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19
Q

The presence of (1)__ also confers (2)__ on the compound.

A

(1) asymmetric carbon atoms

(2) optical activity

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20
Q

The direction of rotation of polarized light is __ of the sugar, so it may be designated D(−), D(+), L(−), or L(+).

A

independent of the stereochemistry

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21
Q

In solution, glucose is (1)__, and glucose solutions are sometimes known as (2)__.

A

(1) dextrorotatory

(2) dextrose

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22
Q

For glucose in solution, more than 99% is in the __ form.

A

pyranose

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23
Q

Crystalline glucose

A

α-D-glucopyranose

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24
Q

These are isomers differing as a result of 💡variations in configuration of the —OH and —H on carbon atoms 2, 3, and 4 of glucose.

A

Epimers

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25
Q

Glucose epimerized at 💡carbon 2

A

Mannose

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26
Q

Glucose epimerized at 💡carbon 4

A

Galactose

27
Q

Chemically, aldoses are reducing compounds, and are sometimes known as __.

A

Reducing sugars

28
Q

Sugar important in 💡nucleotides, 💡nucleic acids, and 💡several coenzymes.

A

Pentoses

29
Q

These are sugars which are 💡physiologically the most important hexoses

A

Glucose, galactose, fructose, and mannose

30
Q

It is a 💡carboxylic acid derivative of glucose important for 💡glucuronide formation and in glycosaminoglycans

A

D-glucuronate

31
Q

It is a carboxylic acid derivative of glucose which is an 💡intermediate in the uronic acid pathway.

A

l-gulonate

32
Q

These are formed by 💡condensation between the💡hydroxyl group of the anomeric carbon of a monosaccharide, and a second compound that may be another monosaccharide or, in the case of an aglycone, not a sugar

A

GLYCOSIDES

33
Q

It is a 💡bond formed when the hydroxyl group of the anomeric carbon of a monosaccharide also condensed with a hydroxyl group.

A

O-glycosidic bond

34
Q

Why do O-glycosidic bond is an acetal link?

A

Because it results from a reaction between a hemiacetal group (formed from an aldehyde and an [OH group) and another [OH group.

35
Q

It is a bond formed when the 💡hydroxyl group of the anomeric carbon of a monosaccharide condensed with an 💡amine.

A

N-glycosidic bond

36
Q

These are sugars in which one 💡hydroxyl group has been replaced by hydrogen.

A

Deoxy Sugars

37
Q

It is a sugar that is used experimentally as an 💡inhibitor of glucose metabolism.

A

2-deoxyglucose

38
Q

It is an amino sugar which is a 💡constituent of hyaluronic acid.

A

D-glucosamine

39
Q

It is an amino sugar which is a 💡constituent of chondroitin.

A

D-galactosamine

40
Q

Other name for D-galactosamine

A

Chondrosamine

41
Q

Hydrolysis of sucrose yields a mixture of (1)__ called (2)__ because fructose is strongly (3)__ and changes (inverts) the weaker dextrorotatory action of sucrose.

A

(1) glucose and fructose
(2) “invert sugar”
(3) levorotatory

42
Q

It is a homopolymer of glucose forming an α-glucosidic chain, called a 💡glucosan or 💡glucan.

It is the 💡most important dietary carbohydrate in cereals, potatoes, legumes, and other vegetables.

A

Starch

43
Q

2 Main constituent of starch:

A

Amylose

Amylopectin

44
Q

It is a constituent of starch which has a 💡nonbranching helical structure.

A

Amylose

45
Q

It is a constituent of starch which consists of branched chains consists of 24 to 30 glucose residues.

A

Anylopectin

46
Q

It is the glycosidic linkage of amylopectin in the chains.

A

α1 → 4 linkages

47
Q

It is the glycosidic linkage of amylopectin in the branch points.

A

α1 → 6 linkages

48
Q

It is a measure of its digestibility, based on the extent to which it raises the blood concentration of glucose compared with an equivalent amount of glucose or a reference food such as white bread or boiled rice.

A

glycemic index

49
Q

It is the storage polysaccharide in animals and is sometimes called animal starch.

It is a 💡more highly branched structure than amylopectin, with chains of 12 to 15 α-D-glucopyranose residues (in α1 → 4 glucosidic linkage) with branching by means of α1 → 6 glucosidic bonds.

A

Glycogen

50
Q

It is a 💡polysaccharide of fructose (a fructosan) found in tubers and roots of dahlias, artichokes, and dandelions.

It is use to determine the 💡glomerular filtration rate but it is 💡not hydrolyzed by intestinal enzymes, so has no nutritional value.

A

Inulin

51
Q

These are 💡intermediates in the hydrolysis of starch.

A

Dextrins

52
Q

It is the 💡chief constituent of plant cell walls.

A

Cellulose

53
Q

Cellulose is insoluble and consists of (1)__ linked by (2)__ to form long, straight chains strengthened by cross-linking (3)__.

A

(1) β-D-glucopyranose units
(2) β1 → 4 bonds
(3) hydrogen bonds

54
Q

It is an important source of 💡“bulk” in the diet, and the major component of dietary fiber.

A

CELLULOSE

55
Q

It is a structural polysaccharide in the 💡exoskeleton of crustaceans and insects, and also in mushrooms.

A

Chitin

56
Q

Chitin consists of (1)__ joined by (2)__ glycosidic bonds.

A

(1) N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units

(2) β1 → 4

57
Q

It is a 💡polymer of galacturonic acid linked α-1→ 4, with some galactose an/or arabinose branches, and is 💡partially methylated.

A

Pectin

58
Q

These are complex carbohydrates containing 💡amino sugars and uronic acids.

A

Glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides)

59
Q

It is form when 💡glycosaminoglycans attached to a 💡protein molecule

A

Proteoglycans

60
Q

It provide the 💡ground or packing substance of the connective tissue.

They 💡hold large quantities of water and occupy space, thus cushioning or lubricating other structures.

A

Proteoglycans

61
Q

It is the 💡primer molecule for glycogen synthesis

A

Glycogenin

62
Q

These are proteins containing 💡branched or unbranched oligosaccharide chains.

They occur in 💡cell membranes and many proteins are glycosylated.

A

Glycoproteins (also known as mucoproteins)

63
Q

These are N- or O-acyl derivatives of 💡neuraminic acid and are constituents of both 💡glycoproteins and 💡gangliosides.

A

Sialic Acids

64
Q

It is a ninecarbon sugar derived from mannosamine (an epimer of glucosamine) and pyruvate.

A

Neuraminic acid

BIOCHEMISTRY (11 decks)

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