Lipids in Cell Membranes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some examples of lipids?

A

1- Phospholipids
2- Fats
3- Sterols
4- Some vitamins

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2
Q

What is the solubility of lipids in water?

A

Very low

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3
Q

What are the roles of lipids?

A

1- Sources of energy
2- Forming membranes
3- Participating in cell signalling

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4
Q

Describe the structure of fatty acids.

A

1- Carboxyl group with a long hydrocarbon chain
2- CH3(CH2)4-24COOH (CH2 anywhere between 2 to 24)
3- All naturally occuring fatty acids have an even number of carbons

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5
Q

How are fatty acids acquired into the body?

A

1- Short and medium chains are absorbed into the blood stream
2- Long chains cannot be absorbed so they are synthesised

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6
Q

In respect to the ratio of carbon bonds to double bonds, what are the three types of fatty acids?

A

1- Saturated (16:0)
2- Unsaturated (18:1)
3- Polyunsaturated (20:4)

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7
Q

What are examples of sterols?

A

1- Bile acids
2- Steroid hormones
3- Vitamins
4- Cell membranes

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8
Q

What type of lipid is cholesterol?

A

Sterol

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9
Q

What is Gaucher’s disease?

A

1- Inherited disorder
2- Affects lipid pathways
3- Accumulation of glucocerebrocide

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10
Q

How do disorders which affect the lipid pathway affect the body?

A
1- Lipid accumulation
2- Affect neurological system
3- Enlarged liver and spleen
4- Enlarged bone marrow cavities
5- Failure to thrive
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11
Q

Which three groups of lipids are found in the membrane?

A

1- Phospholipids
2- Glycolipids
3- Sterols

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12
Q

Describe the structure of a phospholipid.

A

1- Polar head group
2- Glycerol backbone
3- Fatty acid chains (usually two)

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13
Q

What are five examples of phospholipids?

A
1- Choline
2- Ethanolamine
3- Serine
4- Glyerol
5- Inositol
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14
Q

Describe the structure of a glycolipid.

A

1- Sphingosine backbone
2- Fatty acid chain
3- Attached to CH R group

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15
Q

What is an amphipathic compound?

A

A molecule with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail

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16
Q

Describe the lipid bilayer.

A

1- Biylayer of phospholipids
2- Hydrophilic heads point outwards and are attracted to water
3- Hydrophobic tails point inwards and seek to aggregate with other, hydrophobic molecules
4- Contain lipids which help contribute to membrane strength and stability

17
Q

Why are membranes important?

A

1- Compartmentalisation, separating cell from outside
2- Compartmentalisation, separating organelles
3- Have highly selective barriers to control entry and exit
4- Have sensors which respond to internal and external conditions to help the cell act accordingly

18
Q

What are the two classes of proteins in the membrane?

A

1- Peripheral (extrinsic) proteins

2- Integral (intrinsic) proteins

19
Q

In what ways can phospholipids move within the membrane?

A

Membrane is extremely fluid
1- Lateral movement: very frequent, 10^7 per second
2- Flip-flop: very rare, may happen ~once per month

20
Q

What is the difference of the structure of phospholipids between fluid and viscous membranes?

A

1- Fluid membranes have phosphilipids with unsaturated hydrocarbon tails with kinks
2- Viscous membranes have phospholipids with saturated hydrocarbon tails with no kinks

21
Q

Describe the structure of cholesterol.

A

1- Polar head group
2- Rigid, planar steroid ring structure
3- Nonpolar hydrocarbon tail

22
Q

How does the cholesterol molecule fit in the phospholipid membrane?

A

1- Polar head next to hydrophobic phospholipid heads
2- Rigid, planar steroid ring structure next to proximal tail to stiffen the region
3- Nonpolar hydrocarbon tail next to distal tail, more fluid than proximal tail

23
Q

Where does membrane synthesis take place?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

24
Q

How is new membrane transported to other parts of the cell?

A

1- Vesicle trafficking
2- Bits of membrane pinch off from the ER to form vesicles
3- These travel in the cytosol and fuse with other membranes, releasing their content

25
Q

How is asymmetry generated in the membrane?

A

1- Newly synthesised phospholipids are released into the outer leaflet of the ER bilayer
2- Lipids are transferred to other side by flippases
3- This created asymmetry

26
Q

What are lipid rafts?

A
1- Subdomain of membranes
2- Organising centre
3- Contain high concentrations of cholesterol and glycophingolipids
4- Regulate vesicle trafficking
5- Responsible for cell signalling
27
Q

In regards to their position in the membrane, what are the four types of membrane proteins?

A

1- Transmembrane
2- Membrane-associated
3- Lipid-linked
4- Protein-attached

28
Q

How are transmembrane proteins positioned in relation to phospholipids?

A

Transmembrane proteins have hydrophobic amino acid side chains, which interact with the hydrophobic tails

29
Q

How are membrane-associated proteins positioned in relation to phospholipids?

A

1- Attached to only one side of the membrane and not across

2- Contain domains that selectively bind to phospholipids

30
Q

How are lipid-linked proteins attached to the phospholipid membrane?

A

1- Attached via GPI anchors

2- GPI: glycosylphosphatidylinositol