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Biochem > Lipids and Membrane Structure > Flashcards

Lipids and Membrane Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Lipid?

A 
They comprise a very large class of compounds that are mostly insoluble in water. 
They are waxy, oily or greasy compounds which coat and protect plants and animals.
They serve as structural components in biological membranes and as a source of stored chemical energy.
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2
Q

What are the two classes of Lipids?

A

Saponifiable and nonsaponifiable lipids.

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3
Q

What are Saponifiable lipids? What are the two kinds?

A

They undergo a chemical hydrolysis when reacted with a strong base.
Simple: waxes and triglycerides (fats and oils)
Complex: Phospholipids and sphingolipids

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4
Q

What are Nonsaponifiable lipids? What are the two kinds?

A

Do not react with a strong base.
Steroids (sterol ring structure)
Prostaglandins (compounds derived from fatty acids)

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5
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

Long chain of carboxylic acids that ranch from about 8-26 carbons in length usually found in even numbered chains.

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6
Q

Palmitic Acid

A

Draw structure. Its saturated. 5 carbon

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7
Q

Saturated fatty acids contain how many double bonds?

A

none

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8
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids contain how many double bonds?

A

one or more

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9
Q

What lowers the melting point for a lipid?

A
  • cis configuration called a kink
  • one double bond drops melting point 60 degrees
  • presence of another double bond drops an additional 10 to 20 degrees.
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10
Q

What highers the melting point?

A

Every two additional carbon atoms adds 7-10 degrees.

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11
Q

Saturated fatty acids are abundant in ____ and are _____ at room temperature.

A

fats, solids

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12
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids are found in ____ and so are _____ at room temperature.

A

oils, liquids

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13
Q

The carboxylate end of a fatty acid is _________ and is called the _________.

A

hydrophilic (water loving), polar head

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14
Q

In fatty acids, the long chain of a carbon is _________ and is called the _________.

A

hydrophobic (water fearing), nonpolar tail

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15
Q

What is a micelles?

A

spherical clusters that come together from nonpolar tails of fatty acids being exposed to water

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16
Q

What are soaps?

A

Fatty acids derived by saponification of fats.

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17
Q

What is a Linolenic Acid?

A

Omega 3 fatty acid. The last double bond is found 3 carbons away from the end of the nonpolar tail.

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18
Q

What is a Linoleic acid?

A

Omega 6 fatty acid. Last double bond is found 6 carbons away from the end of the nonpolar tail.

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19
Q

The term fat includes what two components?

A

3 fatty acids

Glycerol

20
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Treatment of a triglyceride with strong acid results in the hydrolysis of the three ester bonds holding the fatty acids to the glycerol backbone.

21
Q

Lipase

A

Natural enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides in plant and animal tissues through general acid hydrolysis.

22
Q

Saponification

A

Treatment of a triglyceride with a strong base such as NaOH or KOH

23
Q

Hydrogenation

A

A simple organic reaction which reduces double bonded carbon atoms to all single bonds. The result: convert unsaturated fatty acids into more saturated species.

24
Q

Waxes

A

Second group of simple lipids. Structurally different than fats and oils because they do not have a glycerol backbone.

25
Q

Waxes are made up of what two components?

A

1 fatty acid

1 long chained alcohol

26
Q

Phosphoglycerides or Phospholipids

A

Complex lipids which serve as the major structural components of cell membranes.

27
Q

Core structure in a Phospholipid is called…

A

phosphatidate

28
Q

Difference in Phosphatidates and Tryglycerides is…

A
  1. Phospholipids have DAG’s: two fatty acids that occupy the first and second position of the glycerol backbone.
  2. Has a different modifying group attached to the phosphate. (contain amine & alcohol group)
29
Q

What are the 5 modifying groups in a phospholipid?

A 
Ethanolamine
Choline
Serine
Glycerol
Inositol
30
Q

What is a lecithin?

A

Phosphatidyl choline or in other words a phosphoglycerides containing choline.

31
Q

What is a cephalin?

A

Phosphosglycerides found in the brain tissue that contain either serine or ethanolamine.

32
Q

What is a liposome?

A

The favored structure of phospho and glycolipids in aqueous solution is a sheet structure. Structures which mimic cellular membranes.

33
Q

What is the sheet structure?

A

A bi-layer of phospholipids only two molecules thick.

34
Q

Sphingolipids is different from phos and tri how?

A
  1. Contain a backbone called sphingosine
  2. One fatty acid attached to the sphingosine backbone called ceramide.
  3. Modifying group is attached to the first OH
35
Q

Two types of sphingolipids are:

A

sphingomyelin and glycolipids

36
Q

What is a Sphingomyelin and where is it found?

A

Contains a phosphate and a choline like a lecithins. Found in membranes of brain and nerve tissue, also in fast nerves called myelin.

37
Q

What are the two glycolipids?

A

Simple one is cerebrosides and the complex is gangliosides.

38
Q

What is a cerebroside?

A

Found in brain tissue. Simple form of glycolipid. Contain sphingosine, fatty acid, and monosaccharide (glucose or galactose)

39
Q

What is a ganglioside?

A

Similar to cerbroside except more complex small branched sugar attached to the sphingosine.

40
Q

What is a membrane?

A

Biological structures which separate the cell factory from the environment and are comprised of mostly phospholipid that form sheet like structures only a few molecules thick.

41
Q

Biological membranes are asymmetrical with respect to both ________ and ________.

A

structure and function

42
Q

__________ and __________ move laterally in the membrane structure but do not readily flip/flop from one side to the other.

A

Phospholipids and Proteins

43
Q

Phospholipids and Proteins move ________ in the membrane structure and ________ readily flip/flop from one side to the other.

A

laterally, do not

44
Q

Membranes are ______ structures which allow movement of _______ across the surface.

A

fluid, proteins

45
Q

Most membranes are polarized by ______ species and so have a net ________ charge.

A

ionic, negative

Biochem (6 decks)

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