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Biochem > Genes and Gene Expression > Flashcards

Genes and Gene Expression Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Gene

A

a sequence of bases within a larger DNA sequence that contains coded information

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2
Q

DNA——–(______)——–RNA——–(_______)——–Protein

A

Transcription and Translation

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3
Q

Human traits can be derived from:

a) single gene
b) cystic fibrosis
c) several genes
d) all of the above

A

all of the above

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4
Q

T or F In RNA, a complimentary strand is NOT found in the structure, but can fold upon itself to form a tertiary structure.

A

True

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5
Q

In RNA, ______ replaces ________.

A

uracil, thymine

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6
Q

T or F RNA contains deoxyribose.

A

false, RNA contains ribose. DNA contains deoxyribose

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7
Q

mRNA stands for…

A

messenger

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8
Q

What is a mRNA?

A

It carries the message encoded by a particular DNA sequence called a gene.

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9
Q

The process of conversion from DNA to RNA is….

A

Transcription

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10
Q

In 1961 these people developed the concept of an intermediate between the DNA sequence and the amino acid sequence of a protein.

A

Jacob and Monad

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11
Q

All organisms other than some viruses contain enzymes which catalyze the formation of RNA called….

A

RNA polymerases

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12
Q

Name the three RNA polymerases and what they synthesize.

A

RNA Pol I: synthesizes mainly rRNA
RNA Pol II: synthesizes mainly mRNA
RNA Pol III: synthesizes rRNA, tRNA, and snRNA

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13
Q

Name at least three requirements for RNA Polymerase

A
  1. Affinity for DNA templates (ds or ss) (RNA not a template)
  2. Requires 4 bases: ATP, UTP, CTP, and GTP
  3. Mg or Mn divalent metal
  4. Direction of synthesis is only 5’ to 3’
  5. Mechanism: nucleophilic attack of the 3’ OH oxygen at the alpha phosphate. The leaving group is diphosphate.
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14
Q

T or F RNA synthesis requires a primer.

A

False. It does not. DNA template is conserved after removal of RNA.

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15
Q

Non-coding/template strand serves as a ______ for RNA synthesis.

A

Template

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16
Q

Explain the first part of transcription:

A

mRNA carries the code and matches exactly the coding strand of DNA (replacing U’s for T’s)

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17
Q

In transcription, sequence bases which precede transcription are labeled with __________ numbers.

A

Negative

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18
Q

In transcription, sequence bases within the gene are labeled with __________ numbers.

A

Positive

19
Q

Transcription begins on the template DNA strand at the ________ postition.

A

+1

20
Q

What is the termination signal?

A

Usually some sort of secondary loop structure at the 3’ end of the newly synthesized RNA in Prokaryotes. (Eukaryotes may have same type)

21
Q

What is a promoter?

A

DNA sequence which acts as a recognition site for binding by the RNA polymerase complex.

22
Q

Explain blue eyes vs. green.

A

Sites are controlled by the presence of absence of other proteins. If two different alleles of the same gene are present on is downregulated and the other is upregulated (or expressed)

23
Q

Name some environmental factors that often influence the expression of a gene in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

A

Prokaryotes: Pribnow or TATAAT box, found around -10 B.P
Eukaryotes: Hogness box or TATAA box, found around -25 B.P. and sometimes a CAAT box around 75 B.P.

24
Q

Enhancers can be found anywhere upstream at _____.

A

100-2000 B.P. on either coding or non-coding strand.

25
Q

Who came up with the adapter theory?

A

Francis Crick

26
Q

What is the adapter theory?

A

An interpreter molecule that could read the code and translate it into protein information.

27
Q

Describe tRNA.

A
  • RNA molecules which are encoded in the DNA of host.
  • Assume a tert structure
  • They carry amino acid molecules and attach at the 2’ or 3’ position at end of polymer through ester bond.
28
Q

What is the charged end of the tRNA called?

A

acceptor stem

29
Q

Genetic Code

A

a three base code that carries the information required to convert a DNA sequence into the output of a protein’s primary amino acid sequence. (mRNA carries the code). 64 total combinations.

30
Q

Redundant codons are called…..

A

synonyms

31
Q

Name the start codon and what it codes for.

A

AUG, Met

32
Q

Name the stop codons.

A

UAA, UAG, and UGA

33
Q

What is a reading frame?

A

Its within mRNA molecule is found the possibility of three different coding sequences. Each are reading frames.

34
Q

What is the longest open reading frame?

A

The frame that is used by the translation machinery to make a protein. This is the longest identified coding region between a start codon and a stop codon.

35
Q

What is translation?

A

the process of changing the language from the sequence of bases in a mRNA or the DNA of a gene to the primary amino acid sequence of a protein.

36
Q

What are ribosomes and what do they do?

A

They are a complex of protein and rRNA. They serve as machinery for the synthesis of proteins

37
Q

The amount of protein made in translation is dependent on what two things?

A
  1. More than one ribosome may be working down the same mRNA at the same time.
  2. The time duration of the message stability in the cytoplasm
38
Q

All mRNA are modified after they are first made. What is the name of the first formed mRNA?

A

heteronuclear RNA or hnRNA

39
Q

The modification 5’ methyl G cap:

A

Special 5’ to 5’ triphosphate link to a methylated from of guanosine. A protective mechanism that prevents degradation.

40
Q

Explain splicing of introns and exons

A

Introns are the pieces that are about to be cut. They form a loop and are spliced out of the sequence. The exons are the leftover pieces that connect together after the introns have been spliced out.

41
Q

What is the Poly A tail?

A

Multiple adenosines are placed at the end of the message which are not found in the DNA sequence before. They were added on after the hnRNA is removed from the DNA template.

42
Q

What is a Polycistronic message?

A

Means many gene message. Found prokaryotes where two to three gene coding sequences are found on the same message.

43
Q

What is a operon?

A

The gene region within the genome of the organism which gives rise to a polycistronic message.

Biochem (6 decks)

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