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Lipids and Lipoproteins Flashcards

1
Q

Constitutes the body’s “petroleum industry.”

A

Lipoproteins

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2
Q

are large, lipid-rich transport vessels that ferry their cargo of dietary triglycerides throughout the circulatory system to peripheral tissues, until arriving at the liver as chylomicron remnants when nearly empty.

A

Chylomicrons

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3
Q

most abundant lipid

A

phospholipid

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4
Q

where does phospholipid originate

A

liver and intestines

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5
Q

formed from conjugation of two fatty acids and phosphorylated glycerol

A

Phospholipid

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6
Q

lipids with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

A

amphipatic lipids

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7
Q

phospholipids are produced in the lungs by

A

type II pneumocytes in the form of lamellar bodies

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8
Q

Ref value of phospholipid

A

150 - 350 mg/dL

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9
Q

alters fluid surface tension (surfactant)

A

phospholipid

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10
Q

Phospholipids are important substrates of ?

A

LCAT and LPL

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11
Q

Forms of phospholipids

A
  • Lecithin/phosphotidyl choline – 70%
    • Sphingomyelin – 20%
    • Cephalin – 10%
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12
Q

the only phospholipid that is NOT derived from glycerol

A

Sphingomyelin

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13
Q

amino alcohol of Sphingomyelin

A

sphingosine

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14
Q

essential component of RBCs and nerve sheath

A

Sphingomyelin

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15
Q

unsaturated steroid alcohol containing 4 rings with a single C-H-side chain tail

A

Cholesterol

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16
Q

cholesterol is synthesized where

A

liver

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17
Q

cholesterol should be measured in all adults at — years old at least once every — years

A

20 yrs old
every 5 yrs

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18
Q

cholesterol is important in the assembly of …

A

cell membranes, bile acids, and steroid hormones

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19
Q

transport and excretion of cholesterol is promoted by

A

estrogen

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20
Q

cholesterol evaluates the risk of..

A

evaluates the risk of atherosclerosis, CAD (coronary artery disease) and Myocardial infarction (heart attack)

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21
Q

forms of cholesterol

A

cholesterol ester 70%
unesterified/free cholesterol – 30%

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22
Q

cholesterol ester is esterified by

A

Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyl Transferase (LCAT)

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23
Q

inactive form of cholesterol is

A

cholesterol ester. stored in cells

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24
Q

active form of cholesterol is

A

unesterified/free cholesterol. cytotoxic property

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25
Q

fasting hours needed for cholesterol lab work. and what specimen

A

12 to 14 hours
serum

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26
Q

principle of colorimetry

A

dehydration and oxidation of cholesterol to form a colored compound

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27
Q

end product of Salkowski reaction and color

A

cholestedienyl disulfonic acid
red

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28
Q

Liebermann-Burchard end product and color

A

monosulfonic acid
green

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29
Q

color developers of colorimetry/chemical method

A

glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride, conc. sulfuric acid

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30
Q

Pearson, Stern, and Mac Gavack method

A

colorimetry

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31
Q

Bloor’s extraction

A

E + C

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32
Q

Abell – Kendall

A

saponification (s) + E + C

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33
Q

Schoenheimer, Sperry, Parekh, and Jung

A

S+E+C+Precipitation

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34
Q

effect of hemolysis on cholesterol level

A

falsely increases

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35
Q

reagent of colorimetry

A

Leibermann-Burchard

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36
Q

reagent for extraction

A

petroleum ether

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37
Q

reagent for saponification

A

alcoholic potassium hydroxide

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38
Q

reagent for precipitation

A

digitonin

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39
Q

most common method of quantifying the cholesterol oxidase reaction

A

is to measure the amount of hydrogen peroxide produced

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40
Q

reference method for cholesterol and what color

A

abell, levy, broolie method;
end color:green

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41
Q

gold standard for cholesterol

A

isotope dilution mass spectrometry

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42
Q

Mod risk, age 2 - 19

A

> 170

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43
Q

high risk, age 2 - 19

A

> 155

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44
Q

mod risk, age 20 - 19

A

> 200

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45
Q

high risk, age 20 - 19

A

> 220

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46
Q

mod risk, age 30 - 39

A

> 220

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47
Q

high risk, age 30 - 39

A

> 240

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48
Q

mod risk, age 40 - 49

A

> 240

49
Q

high risk, age 40 - 49

A

> 260

50
Q

Main storage lipid in man

A

Triglyceride/Triglycerol (neutral fat)

51
Q

triglyceride components

A

three fatty acids and one glycerol

52
Q

Exogenous TAG

A

chylomicron

53
Q

endogenous TAG

A

VLDL

54
Q

what is laboratory measurement of TAG based on

A

hydrolysis of FAs to produce glycerol

55
Q

specimen and fasting hours for TAG

A

serum
12 - 14 hours fasting

56
Q

what might interfere in TAG results?

A

ascorbic acid, bilirubin, hemolysis

57
Q

level of TAG that is clear serum

A

<200 mg/dL

58
Q

level of TAG that is turbid serum

A

> 300 mg/dL

59
Q

level of TAG that is milky/opaque serum

A

> 600 mg/dL

60
Q

colorimetric for TAG and what is end color

A

van handel and zilversmith
– blue

61
Q

what is flurometric method for TAG and end color

A

hantzsch condensation
– yellow

62
Q

major interference in enzymatic method for TAG

A

glycerol

63
Q

specific, rapid, easy to use for TAG measurement

A

enzymatic method

64
Q

COC tag level <150 mg/dL

A

normal

65
Q

COC tag levels 150 - 199

A

borderline high

66
Q

COC tag levels 200 - 499

A

high

67
Q

COC tag levels ≥500

A

very high

68
Q

transports lipid throughout the body

A

lipoproteins

69
Q

are the major sites of protein synthesis

A

hepatocytes and enterocytes

70
Q

used in the assessment of atherosclerosis and CAD

A

lipoproteins

71
Q

main purpose of lipoproteins

A

transport TAG and Cholesterol to sites of energy storages and utilization

72
Q

hydrolyzes TG to glycerol and FA

A

lipoprotein lipase

73
Q

hydrolyzes TG and phospholipids from HDL (high density lipoprotein)

A

Hepatic lipase

74
Q

converts free cholesterol to cholesteryl ester

A

Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)

75
Q

hydrolyzes HDL for the release of TG

A

Endothelial lipase

76
Q

largest and least dense lipoprotein

A

chylomicrons

77
Q

delivers exogenous/dietary TAG

A

chylomicron

78
Q

major apolipoprotein of chylomicron

A

APO B-48

79
Q

non-atherogenic lipoproteins

A

chylomicrons, HDL

80
Q

atherogenic lipoproteins

A

VLDL, LDL

81
Q

Density of chylomicron

A

<0.95 kg/L

82
Q

AKA pre-beta lipoprotein

A

VLDL (very low density lipoprotein)

83
Q

transports endogenous TAG: atherogenic

A

VLDL (very low density lipoprotein)

84
Q

major apolipoprotein of VLDL

A

APO B-100

85
Q

density of VLDL

A

0.95 – 1.006 kg/L

86
Q

AKA beta – lipoprotein

A

LDL

87
Q

Major catabolic end-product of VLDL

A

LDL

88
Q

Primary marker for CHD (congenital heart disease) risk

A

LDL

89
Q

most atherogenic lipoprotein

A

LDL

90
Q

Major apolipoprotein of LDL

A

APO B-100

91
Q

density of LDL

A

1.019 – 1.063 kg/L

92
Q

AKA alpha lipoprotein

A

HDL

93
Q

smallest and most dense lipoprotein

A

HDL

94
Q

how is antiatherogenic conc. related to cardiovascular disease risk

A

inversely

95
Q

most cardioprotective form of HDL

A

HDL2

96
Q

Density of HDL

A

1.063 – 1.21 kg/L

97
Q

COC ref method for HDL

A

ultracentrifugation precipitated with heparin MnCL

98
Q

HDL level <40 mg/dL

A

low

99
Q

HDL level <35 mg/dL

A

Hgb risk factor for CHD

100
Q

HDL protective level

A

60 mg/dL

101
Q

specific and sensitive indicator of cholestasis

A

Lipoprotein X

102
Q

Lipoprotein X is sensitive indicator of

A

cholestasis

103
Q

lipoprotein X is found in..

A

obstructive jaundice and LCAT deficiency

104
Q

AKA floating beta lipoprotein

A

B - VLDL

105
Q

floating beta lipoprotein is found in what type of ◦ hyperlipoproteinemia/dysbetalipoproteinemia

A

type 3

106
Q

similar density to VLDL

A

B – VLDL

107
Q

product of VLDL catabolism – “VLDL remnant”

A

IDL (intermediate density lipoprotein)

108
Q

apolipoprotein of IDL

A

APO B-100

109
Q

AKA sinking Pre-beta lipoprotein

A

Lpa or lipoprotein a

110
Q

increased levels of lipoprotein a means

A

premature CHD and stroke

111
Q

density of lipoprotein a

A

1.045 – 1.081 kg/L

112
Q

lab specimen for lipoprotein

A

plasma

113
Q

chelating agent for lipoprotein lab analysis

A

EDTA

114
Q

order from most to least dense

A

HDL, LDL, IDL, VLDL, CM

115
Q

order from most anodic/fastest

A

HDL, VLDL, IDL, LDL, CM

116
Q

amount of aliquot of plasma for standing plasma test

A

2 mL

117
Q

accumulates overnight as a floating “cream” layer and can be detected visually

A

chylomicrons

118
Q

A plasma sample that remains turbid after standing overnight contains excessive amounts

A

VLDL

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