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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY > Lipids and Lipoproteins > Flashcards

Lipids and Lipoproteins Flashcards

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1
Q

Lipids are commonly referred to as

A

Fats

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2
Q

Lipids are composed mainly of

A

C-H bonds; sometimes C-H-O bonds

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3
Q

Important roles of lipids

A

Storing energy
Aiding in proper digestion and absorption of food
Acting as structural components on cell membranes
Acting as messengers and signaling molecules within the body

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4
Q

Lipid soluble substances

A

Vitamins A, D, E, K

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5
Q

Lipids can also be used to synthesize other compounds in the body like steroid hormones. True or False?

A

True

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6
Q

Precursors of Steroids

A

Cholesterol

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7
Q

Examples of Steroid Hormones

A

Estrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
Androgen

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8
Q

Lipids are soluble in water, but insoluble in organic solvents. True or False?

A

False; Lipids are insoluble in water (nonpolar), but soluble in organic solvents (chloroform and ether)

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9
Q

Special transport mechanism for lipids to be circulated in blood

A

Lipoproteins

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10
Q

Lipids transported by lipoproteins

A

Triglycerides (Triacylglycerol/TAG)
Phospholipids
Cholesterol

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11
Q

Components of Phospholipids

A

Lipids with attached phosphate groups

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12
Q

Components of Cholesterol

A

Carbon ring structure with alcohol functional groups

Cholesteryl esters

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13
Q

4 major classes of lipids

A

Fatty acids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Cholesterol

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14
Q

Linear chains of C-H bonds that terminate with a carboxyl group (-COOH)

A

Fatty acids

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15
Q

Components of TAG

A

3 Fatty Acid + 1 glycerol molecule

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16
Q

Number of carbon atoms in short-chain fatty acids

A

4-6 carbon atoms

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17
Q

Number of carbon atoms in medium-chain fatty acids

A

8-12 carbon atoms

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18
Q

Number of carbon atoms in long-chain fatty acids

A

> 12 carbon atoms

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19
Q

Straight chain compounds with even number of carbons (4-24 carbon atoms)

A

Dietary fatty acids

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20
Q

Fatty acid without double bonds

A

Saturated fatty acid

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21
Q

Example of fatty acid

A

Palmitic acid

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22
Q

Fatty acid with one double bond

A

Monounsaturated fatty acid

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23
Q

Example of monounsaturated fatty acid

A

Oleic acid

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24
Q

Fatty acid with two or more double bonds

A

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

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25
Q

Examples of polyunsaturated acid

A

Linoleic acid
Linolenic acid
Omega-3
Omega-6
Omega-9

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26
Q

Benefits of omega fatty acids

A

Lowers the risk of CVD

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27
Q

Consumption of trans fatty acids is good for patients with Congenital Heart Disease. True or False?

A

False; Consumption of trans fatty acids increases the risk of Congenital Heart Disease

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28
Q

Major dietary trans fatty acid

A

Elaidic acid

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29
Q

Contain three fatty acid molecules attached to one molecule of glycerol by ester bonds

A

Triglycerides

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30
Q

Main storage form of lipids

A

Triglycerides

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31
Q

TAG is also known as

A

Neutral Fat

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32
Q

Consistency of triglycerides containing saturated fatty acids, which do not have bends in their structure

A

Solid at RT

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33
Q

Consistency of triglycerides, containing cis unsaturated fatty acids

A

Oils at RT

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34
Q

Similar with TAG but have two esterified fatty acids

A

Phospholipids

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35
Q

Phospholipids are amphipathic. True or False?

A

True

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36
Q

Forms of phospholipids

A

Lecithin/ Phosphatidylcholine - 70%
Sphingomyelin - 20%
Cephalin - 10%

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37
Q

Composition of myelin in the axons of the neurons

A

Sphingomyelin

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38
Q

Examples of cephalin

A

Phosphatidyl ethanolamine
Phosphatidyl serine
Lysolecithin + Inositol Phosphatide

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39
Q

The only phospholipid in membranes that is not derived from glycerol but from an amino alcohol

A

Sphingomyelin

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40
Q

Sphingomyelin is derived from

A

Sphingosine

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41
Q

Accumulation of sphingomyelin in the liver and spleen is seen in

A

Niemann-Pick disease

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42
Q

An unsaturated steroid alcohol containing four rings (A, B, C, and D)

A

Cholesterol

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43
Q

Amphipathic lipid found on the surface of lipid layers along with phospholipids

A

Cholesterol

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44
Q

Characteristics of cholesterol

A

Can be converted in the liver to primary bile acids (Cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid)

Can be converted to steroid hormones (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and estrogens)

Can also be transformed to vitamin D3

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45
Q

2 forms of cholesterol

A

Esterified / cholesteryl ester (70%)
Unesterified / free cholesterol (30%)

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46
Q

Form of cholesterol that forms an ester bond with another molecule

A

Esterified / cholesteryl ester

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47
Q

Cholesterol is used as precursor the synthesis of different steroid hormones and vitamin C. True or False?

A

False; Vitamin D

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48
Q

Increased cholesterol in blood

A

Hypercholesterolemia

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49
Q

Increase of fats in the blood

A

Hyperlipidemia

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50
Q

Cholesterol: Animal; _____: Plants

A

Phytosterol

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51
Q

Cholesterol is not readily catabolized by most cells and, therefore, an excellent source of fuel. True or False?

A

False; Does not serve as source of fuel

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52
Q

Characteristics of phytosterols

A

Lower plasma total cholesterol and LDL-C
Raise HDL-C

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53
Q

Catalyzes the esterification of cholesterol

A

LCAT (Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyltransferase)

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54
Q

Organ that synthesize LCAT

A

Liver

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55
Q

The activator of LCAT

A

Apo A-1

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56
Q

Enables HDL to accumulate cholesterol as cholesterol ester

A

LCAT (Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyltransferase)

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57
Q

Liberating cholesterol or breaking ester bonds

A

Saponification

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58
Q

Importance of APO A-1 and HDL

A

APO A-1 is a composition of HDL which helps in the activation of LCAT and esterification of cholesterol

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59
Q

Cholesterol can be converted in the liver to primary bile acids. True or False?

A

True

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60
Q

Cholesterol can be converted to steroid hormones. True or False?

A

True

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61
Q

Cholesterol can be transformed to vitamin K. True or False?

A

False; Vitamin D3

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62
Q

Examples of primary bile acids

A

Cholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic acid

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63
Q

Examples of steroid hormones

A

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Estrogens

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64
Q

Macromolecule of lipids and proteins

A

Lipoproteins

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65
Q

It constitutes the body’s “petroleum industry”

A

Lipoproteins

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66
Q

Shape and size of lipoproteins

A

Spherical; 10-1200 nm

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67
Q

Lipoprotein surface is composed of

A

Amphipathic phospholipids and
cholesterol

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68
Q

Lipoprotein core is composed of

A

Neutral triglycerides and cholesteryl ester

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69
Q

Protein associated to plasma lipoproteins

A

Apolipoproteins

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70
Q

Where does apolipoproteins are located?

A

Surface of lipoprotein particles

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71
Q

Functions of apolipoproteins

A

Help maintain the structural integrity of lipoproteins

Help to keep lipids in solution during circulation through the blood stream

Interact with specific cell-surface receptors and direct the lipids to the correct target organs and tissues in the body

Serve as ligands for cell receptors and as activators / inhibitors of the various enzymes that modify lipoprotein particles

Aid in the solubilization of lipids in the circulation

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72
Q

Responsible for the ability of apolipoproteins to bind to lipids

A

Amphipathic helix

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73
Q

Major protein of HDL

A

Apo A

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74
Q

Function of Apo A-I

A

Major activator of LCAT

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75
Q

Function of Apo A-II

A

Activates hepatic lipase

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76
Q

Function of Apo A-IV

A

Cofactor of LCAT

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77
Q

Principal protein of LDL, VLDL, and chylomicrons

A

Apo B

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78
Q

Function of Apo B-100

A

Binds to LDL/VLDL cell receptor

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79
Q

Function of Apo B-48

A

Structural role in chylomicrons

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80
Q

Major protein of VLDL

A

Apo C

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81
Q

Function of Apo C-I

A

Activates LCAT

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82
Q

Function of Apo C-II

A

Potent activator of LPL

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83
Q

Function of Apo C-III

A

Regulates rate of clearance of TAG – rich lipoprotein (inhibit LPL)

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84
Q

Apo A-III, thin line apolipoprotein, serves as lysolecithin carrier

A

Apo D

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85
Q

Function of Apo E

A

Serves as a ligand for the LDL receptor and the chylomicron remnant receptor

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86
Q

Genotypes of Apo E

A

Apo E2
Apo E3
Apo E4

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87
Q

Apo E2 is an indication of

A

Increased risk for developing Type III hyperlipoproteinemia

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88
Q

Most common Apo E genotype that doesn’t seem to influence risk

A

Apo E3

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89
Q

Apo E4 is an indication of

A

Increased risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease

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90
Q

Main purpose of lipoproteins

A

Delivery of fuel to peripheral cell

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91
Q

Largest lipoprotein particles

A

Chylomicrons

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92
Q

Diameter of chylomicrons

A

80-1200 nm

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93
Q

Least dense lipoprotein particles

A

Chylomicrons

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94
Q

Density of chylomicrons

A

<0.93 g/mL

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95
Q

Appearance of chylomicrons in plasma when stored for hours at 4 degCel

A

Turbid (milky appearance)

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96
Q

Apolipoprotein in chylomicrons

A

Apo B-48

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97
Q

Organ responsible for the production of chylomicrons

A

Intestine

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98
Q

Chylomicrons are rich in phospholipids. True or False?

A

False; rich in triglycerides

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99
Q

Principal role of chylomicrons

A

Transportation of triglycerides and cholesterol to the peripheral tissue and liver

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100
Q

VLDLs are produced primarily by the

A

Liver

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101
Q

Apolipoproteins in VLDL

A

Apo B-100
Apo E (MAIN)
Apo C

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102
Q

Appearance of VLDL in fasting hyperlipidemic plasma specimens

A

Turbid; without a creamy top layer

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103
Q

Principal function of VLDL

A

Carry and transfer endogenous triglycerides from liver to peripheral tissue for energy utilization and storage

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104
Q

Intermediate-Density Lipoproteins (IDLs) are also known as

A

VLDL remnants

(After conversion of VLDL to LDL)

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105
Q

IDLs are primarily seen in normal plasma. True or False?

A

False; cannot be seen in normal plasma

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106
Q

Elevated IDLs are seen in patients with

A

Type III hyperlipoproteinemia

107
Q

LDLs are also known as

A

Beta lipoprotein

108
Q

Primary apolipoprotein in LDLs

A

Apo B-100

109
Q

Most cholesterol rich lipoproteins

A

LDLs

110
Q

Organ that synthesize LDLs

A

Liver (consequence of the lipolysis of VLDL)

111
Q

LDLs are readily taken up by cells via the LDL receptor in the liver and peripheral cells. True or False?

A

True

112
Q

Macrophages filled with lipids

A

Foam cells

113
Q

LDLs are larger than chylomicrons and VLDL. True or False?

A

False; smaller

114
Q

Most atherogenic lipoproteins

A

LDLs

115
Q

Foam cells are culprit to

A

Hypercholesterolemia leading to atherosclerosis

116
Q

Smaller and denser LDLs are marker of

A

Cardiovascular disease risk

117
Q

LDL-like particle that contain one molecule of apo (a) linked to apo B-100

A

Lipoprotein (a)

118
Q

Characteristics of Lp(a)

A

Larger than LDL and has a higher lipid content and a slightly lower density

119
Q

Lp(a) is related structurally to plasminogen. True or False?

A

True

120
Q

Lp(a) levels vary among individuals in a population but remain relatively constant within an individual. True or False?

A

True

121
Q

Indication of elevated Lp(a) level (>30 mg/dL)

A

Increased risk of premature CHD and stroke

122
Q

Importance of measuring Lp(a)

A

Useful in patients with a strong family history of CHD, particularly in the absence of other known risk factors, such as increased LDL-C

123
Q

Lipoprotein (a) is also known as

A

Sinking pre-B lipoprotein

124
Q

HDLs are also known a

A

Good cholesterol
Alpha lipoprotein

125
Q

Smallest lipoprotein particle

A

HDLs

126
Q

Most dense lipoprotein particle

A

HDLs

127
Q

Diameter of HDLs

A

5-12 nm

128
Q

Density of HDLs

A

1.063-1.21 g/mL

129
Q

Shape of HDL

A

Disk-shaped
Spherical

130
Q

HDLs are synthesized by

A

Liver and intestines

131
Q

Apolipoprotein in HDLs

A

Apo A-1

132
Q

Two major types of HDL

A

HDL 2
HDL 3

133
Q

Lipoprotein with Anti-atherogenic property

A

HDLs

134
Q

Characteristics of HDL 2

A

Larger in size, richer in lipid (more efficient vehicles for the transfer of cholesterol from peripheral tissue to the liver)

1.063 – 1.125g/mL (less dense)

135
Q

Characteristics of HDL 3

A

Smaller and less efficient

1.125 – 1.21 g/mL (denser)

136
Q

Represents newly secreted HDL

A

Discoidal HDL

137
Q

Composition of Discoidal HDL

A

2 molecules of Apo A-I

138
Q

Function of Discoidal HDL

A

Removes excess cholesterol from peripheral cells through a mechanism called Reverse Cholesterol Transport

139
Q

Abnormal lipoprotein found in patients with obstructive biliary disease

A

Lipoprotein X

140
Q

Abnormal lipoprotein found in patients with LCAT deficiency

A

Lipoprotein X

141
Q

Composition of Lipoprotein X

A

90% phospholipids, unesterified cholesterol, and very little cholesterol

142
Q

Lipoprotein X is formed by what organ?

A

Liver (within bile canaliculi)

143
Q

Lipoprotein X is removed by

A

RES
Spleen
Kidney

144
Q

Beta-VLDL is also known as

A

Floating Beta Lipoprotein

145
Q

Beta-VLDL levels in patients with type III hyperlipoproteinemia

A

Elevated/Accumulates

146
Q

Preferred sample for lipoprotein assays

A

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) plasma

147
Q

Most preferred serum sample

A

Collected in SST; defibrinated

Fibrinogen can interrupt in electrophoresis and spectrophotometry

148
Q

Plasma or serum is used to test for

A

TC
TAG
HDL-C
LDL-C

149
Q

Why do we need to fast for 12-14 hours before collecting specimen for lipid testing?

A

Because chylomicrons can cause turbidity and cause false increased result. Chylomicrons are almost completely cleared within 6-9 hours

150
Q

TC and HDL-C can use non-fasting specimen. True or False?

A

True

151
Q

According to NCEP guidelines, patients must be seated for _____ before sampling to prevent hemoconcentration

A

5 minutes

152
Q

Long period storage of serum and plasma

A

-70 degree Celsius or lower

153
Q

Short-term storage (up to a month or two)

A

-20 degree Celsius

154
Q

Major Pathways involved in Lipoprotein Metabolism

A

Lipid absorption pathway
Exogenous pathway
Endogenous pathway
Reverse cholesterol transport pathway

155
Q

Principal way that peripheral cells maintain their cholesterol equilibrium

A

Reverse cholesterol transport pathway

156
Q

Women have higher HDL-C levels and lower total cholesterol and triglyceride compared to Men due to sex hormone levels. True or False?

A

True

157
Q

HDL-C remain stable after the onset of puberty and drop in women with the onset of menopause. True or False?

A

False; do not drop in women with the onset of menopause

158
Q

Circulating levels of total cholesterol, LDL- C, and triglycerides in young children are generally much higher than those seen in adults True or False?

A

False; lower than adults

159
Q

Values vary according to location. True or False?

A

True

160
Q

Reference value for total cholesterol

A

140–200 mg/dL (3.6–5.2 mmol/L)

161
Q

Reference value for HDL-C

A

40–75 mg/dL (1.0–2.0 mmol/L)

162
Q

Reference value for LDL-C

A

50–130 mg/dL (1.3–3.4 mmol/L)

163
Q

Reference value for triglycerides

A

60–150 mg/dL (0.7–1.7 mmol/L)

164
Q

Diseases associated with abnormal lipid concentrations

A

Dyslipidemias

165
Q

Dyslipidemias are associated with CHD and arteriosclerosis. True or False?

A

True

166
Q

Genetic and acquired dyslipidemias may lead to lipid deposits in the liver and kidney, resulting in impaired function of these vital organs. True or False?

A

True

167
Q

Nodules due to lipid deposition in the skin

A

Xanthomas tendinous

168
Q

Cardiovascular disorders due to atherosclerosis

A

Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Cerebrovascular Disease (CVD)

169
Q

Increased amount of lipids in the blood

A

Hyperlipidemia

170
Q

Decreased amount of lipids in the blood

A

Hypolipidemia

171
Q

Narrowing and hardening of artery due to the deposition of lipids in the artery that later forms fatty streaks and plaques resulting to thrombosis

A

Atherosclerosis

172
Q

Diseases associated with elevated lipoprotein levels

A

Hyperlipoproteinemia

173
Q

Used to describe individuals for whom the cause of hypercholesterolemia is likely multifactorial

A

Polygenic (nonfamilial) hypercholesterolemia

174
Q

What does multifactorial mean?

A

Not only limited in the family, may include environmental factors etc.

175
Q

Increased cholesterol in the blood

A

Hypercholesterolemia

176
Q

Cause of familial hypercholesterolemia

A

Defective or deficient LDL-receptor gene on chromosome 19

177
Q

Function of Chromosome 19

A

Responsible for the protein synthesis of the said LDL receptor

178
Q

How does defective or deficient LDL-receptor gene cause high LDL levels?

A

The resulting defective receptors cannot bind or clear LDL form the circulation

179
Q

A.K.A. Type III Hyperlipoproteinemia

A

Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia

180
Q

Cause of Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia

A

Accumulation of cholesterol-rich B-VLDL and chylomicron remnants

181
Q

Tests for familial dysbetalipoproteinemia

A

Ultracentrifugation: VLDL (high)
Electrophoresis: LDL (high)

182
Q

Is an extremely rare autosomal recessive disorder wherein phytosterols (plant sterols) are absorbed and accumulate in plasma and peripheral tissues

A

Sitosterolemia

183
Q

Cause of sitosterolemia

A

Mutations in the ABCG8 or ABCG5 gene, both of which are located at chromosome 2p21

184
Q

Treatment for sitosterolemia

A

Restrict dietary phytosterol intake or medications to limit sterol accumulation

185
Q

Abetalipoproteinemia is also known as

A

Bassen-Kornzweig Syndrome

186
Q

Defective RBC seen in Bassen-Kornzweig Syndrome

A

Acanthocytes (thorny-shaped RBCs)

187
Q

Cause of Abetalipoproteinemia

A

Defective Apo B synthesis

188
Q

In Abetalipoproteinemia, VLDL, LDL and CMs are all found in plasma. True or False?

A

Not found

189
Q

Abetalipoproteinemia is associated with defects in absorption of Fat-soluble vitamins AEK. True or False?

A

True

190
Q

Abetalipoproteinemia is characterized by

A

Cerebellar ataxia
Acanthocytosis
Fat malabsorption

191
Q

Diseases associated with decreased lipoprotein levels

A

Hypolipoproteinemia

192
Q

Cause of Hypobetalipoproteinemia

A

Apo-B deficiency resulting from point mutation in Apo-B

193
Q

A rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by very low level of HDL due to a mutation in the ABCA1 gene on chromosome 9

A

Tangier Disease

194
Q

Differentiate Hypobetalipoproteinemia and Tangier Disease

A

Affected LDL: Hypobetalipoproteinemia Affected HDL: Tangier Disease

195
Q

Cause of Lecithin:Cholesterol Acyltransferase (LCAT) Deficiency

A

Mutation in the LCAT gene

196
Q

2 forms of LCAT deficiency

A

Classic (or complete) familial LCAT deficiency
Milder partial LCAT deficiency (fish-eye disease)

197
Q

Cause of Fish-eye Disease

A

LCAT deficiency

198
Q

Fish-eye Disease is characterized by

A

Corneal opacities
Normochromic anemia
Renal failure

199
Q

How does LCAT deficiency cause Fish-eye Disease?

A

When problems in LCAT occur, it can’t esterify cholesterol, therefore free cholesterol accumulates in the sclera

200
Q

Results to inability to clear chylomicron particles, creating the classic type 1 chylomicronemia syndrome

A

Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL) Deficiency

201
Q

Deficiency of Apo C-II also results to chylomicronemia. True or False?

A

True

202
Q

Lab findings of LPL deficiency

A

TAG = 10,000 mg/dL or 113 mmol/L (postprandial result)

203
Q

How does LPL deficiency cause chylomicronemia?

A

Very High TAG value basically because it is not hydrolyzed by LPL

Lipoprotein Lipase is absent which destroys lipoproteins

204
Q

Presence or abundance of chylomicrons in the blood

A

Chylomicronemia

205
Q

Disease associated with too many chylomicrons in the circulation

A

Chylomicron Retention Disease (Anderson’s Disease)

206
Q

Anderson’s Disease is characterized by

A

Hypocholesterolemia
Chronic diarrhea
Failure to thrive
Deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins (Vit E in particular)

207
Q

Findings in Anderson’s Disease

A

Fat malabsorption
Low levels of plasma lipids

208
Q

Conversion factor for cholesterol

A

0.026

209
Q

Conversion factor for triacylglycerol

A

0.0113

210
Q

Principle of chemical methods in cholesterol measurement

A

Dehydration and oxidation of cholesterol to form a colored compound

211
Q

Chemical methods in cholesterol measurement

A

Liebermann Burchardt Reaction
Salkowski Reaction

212
Q

End product of Liebermann Burchardt Reaction

A

Cholestadienyl Monosulfic Acid

213
Q

End color of Liebermann Burchardt Reaction

A

Green

214
Q

Positive result of Liebermann Burchardt Reaction indicates

A

Presence of cholesterol

215
Q

Color developer mixture for Liebermann Burchardt Reaction

A

Glacial acetic acid
Acetic anhydride
Concentrated sulfuric acid

216
Q

End product of Salkowski Reaction

A

Cholestadienyl Disulfic Acid

217
Q

End color of Salkowski Reaction

A

Red

218
Q

Positive result of Salkowski Reaction indicates

A

Presence of cholesterol

219
Q

One-step method for cholesterol determination

A

(C) COLORIMETRY (Pearson, Stern, and Mac Gavack)

220
Q

Two-step method for cholesterol determination

A

(EC) EXTRACTION + COLORIMETRY (Bloors)

221
Q

Three-step method for cholesterol determination

A

(SEC) SAPONIFICATION + EXTRACTION + COLORIMETRY (Abell-Kendal)

222
Q

Four-step method for cholesterol determination

A

(SEPC/SPEC) SAPONIFICATION + EXTRACTION + PRECIPITATION + COLORIMETRY (Schoenheimer, Sperry, Parekh, and Jung)

223
Q

CDC Reference Method for Cholesterol Determination

A

Abell, Levy, and Brodie Method

224
Q

Principle of Abell, Levy, and Brodie Method

A

Uses hexane extraction/petroleum ether after hydrolysis with alcoholic KOH followed by reaction with Liebermann-Burchardt color reagent

225
Q

Enzymatic Method for Cholesterol Determination

A

Cholesterol Oxidase Reaction

226
Q

CDC Reference Method for Triglyceride Measurement

A

Saponification: Alcoholic KOH
Extraction: Chloroform
Treatment with silicic acid (to remove phospholipids)
END PRODUCT: PINK CHROMOPHORE

227
Q

Chemical Methods for Triglyceride Measurement

A

Colorimetric Method
Fluorometric Method

228
Q

Colorimetric Method for Triglyceride Measurement

A

Van Handel Zilversmith

229
Q

End-product of in Van Handel Zilversmith Method

A

Chromogen (blue color compound)

230
Q

Fluorometric Method for Triglyceride Measurement

A

Hantzsch Condensation Method

231
Q

End-product of Hantzsh-Condensation Method

A

Diacetyl lutidine compound

232
Q

Enzymatic Method for Triglyceride Measurement

A

Glycerol Kinase Method

233
Q

The reference method for quantification of lipoproteins

A

Ultracentrifugation Methods

234
Q

Ultracentrifugation Method is based on

A

CHON and TAG contents of lipoproteins

235
Q

The most commonly used support medium in Electrophoretic Methods

A

Agarose gel

236
Q

Medium used for the separation of lipoprotein classes, subclasses, and the apolipoproteins

A

Polyacrylamide gels

237
Q

During electrophoresis, HDL (α-lipoprotein) migrates with

A

α1-globulins

238
Q

During electrophoresis, LDL (β-lipoprotein) migrates with

A

β-globulins

239
Q

During electrophoresis, VLDL (pre-βlipoprotein) migrates with

A

β2-globulins

240
Q

Lipoprotein electrophoretograms are usually visualized with a lipid-staining dye such as

A

Oil Red O
Fat Red 7B
Sudan Black B

241
Q

Explain the Chemical Precipitation Method for Lipoproteins

A

Most common for HDL using polyanions (heparin and dextran sulfate) together with divalent cations (manganese or magnesium)

242
Q

Explain the Chromatographic Method for Lipoproteins

A

Take advantage of size differences in molecular sieving methods or composition in affinity methods

243
Q

Explain the Preparative Ultracentrifugation Method for Lipoproteins

A

Uses sequential density adjustments of serum to fractionate major and minor lipoprotein classes

244
Q

Explain the Density Gradient Methods for Lipoproteins

A

Non-equilibrium
Separations are based on the rate of flotation

Equilibrium
Lipoproteins separate based on their density

245
Q

Explain the Immunochemical Method for Lipoproteins

A

Using antibodies specific to epitopes on the apolipoproteins

246
Q

HDL-C value that indicates high risk for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

A

<35-40 mg/dL

247
Q

HDL-C value that indicates Borderline risk for CHD

A

40–59 mg/dL

248
Q

HDL-C value that indicates Protective for CHD

A

> 60 mg/dL

249
Q

The most popular method for HDL-C

A

Homogenous Assays

250
Q

Fully automated two-reagent procedures in Homogenous Assays for HDL-C

A

First reagent: forms a stable complex with non-HDL lipoproteins

Second reagent: releases HDL-C

251
Q

Reference method for HDL-C by CDC

A

Three-step Procedure

  1. Involves ultracentrifugation to remove VLDL
  2. Uses heparin manganese precipitation from the 1.006 g/mL infranate to remove LDL
  3. Analyze supernatant cholesterol by the Abell-Kendall assay
252
Q

Indirect Methods for LDL-C

A

Friedewald Method
De Long Method

253
Q

Only use De Long Method when the triglyceride (TGY) value is greater than equal to 400 mg/dL. True or False?

A

True

254
Q

Reference Method for LDL-C

A

Beta Quantification

255
Q

Method that is not suitable for fasting since LDL-C will be directly measured and not computed

A

Homogeneous Direct LDL-C Method

256
Q

Explain the Standing Plasma Test for Chylomicrons

A

2 mL plasma is placed into a 10×75-mm test tube and allowed to stand in the refrigerator at 4°C undisturbed overnight

Result:
(+) floating “creamy” layer
(-) VLDL

257
Q

These techniques rely on measurement of the turbidity caused by apolipoprotein antigen–antibody complexes

A

Turbidimetric assays
Nephelometric assays
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Radial immunodiffusion (RID)
Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

258
Q

Cigarette smoking helps build up cholesterol plaques. True or False?

A

True

259
Q

The build-up of cholesterol plaque in the surface of the endothelial wall of the artery/blood vessels causing decreased diameter and decreased pressure. True or False?

A

False; increased pressure

260
Q

POCT test (device) of common lipids and lipoproteins

A

Compact Analyzers

261
Q

Analysis done in Phospholipid measurement

A

Quantitative measurements
Enzymatic analysis

262
Q

Explain the enzymatic analysis for Phospholipid measurement

A

Measures choline-containing phospholipids, lecithin, lysolecithin, and sphingomyelin using phospholipase D, choline oxidase, and horseradish peroxidase

263
Q

Fatty acid measurement is commonly analyzed by

A

Gas-Liquid Chromatography

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (10 decks)

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