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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY > Automation > Flashcards

Automation Flashcards

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1
Q

The process whereby an analytical instrument performs many tests with only minimal involvement of an analyst

A

Automation

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2
Q

Type of analysis in which many specimens are grouped in the same analytical session

A

Batch analysis

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3
Q

The transport of a quantity of analyte or reagent from one specimen reaction into and contaminating a subsequent one

A

Carryover

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4
Q

Type of analysis in which the sample is aspirated into the sample probe and then is delivered, often with reagent, through the same orifice into a reaction cup or another container

A

Discrete analysis

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5
Q

Type of analysis in which all specimens are subjected to a series of analytical processes at the same time and in a parallel fashion

A

Parallel analysis

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6
Q

Type of analysis in which any test can be performed on any sample in any sequence

A

Random access analysis

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7
Q

Type of analysis in which each specimen in a batch enters the analytical process one after another, and each result or set of results emerges in the same order as the specimens are entered

A

Sequential analysis

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8
Q

The number of specimens processed by an analyzer during a given period of time, or the rate at which an analytical system processes specimen

A

Throughput

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9
Q

An area dedicated to a defined task and contains appropriate laboratory instrumentation to carry out that task

A

Workstation

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10
Q

First Automated Analyzer

A

Technicon autoanalyzer (1957)

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11
Q

Characteristics of Technicon autoanalyzer

A

Continuous, flow, sequential batch analyzer
Single channel
Capable of analyzing one sample at a time
Can provide a single test result on approximately 40
samples per hour

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12
Q

Characteristics of Simultaneous Multiple Analyzers (SMA-6, SMA-12)

A

Multiple Channel
Capable of analyzing multiple samples at a time
Can produce 6 or 12 test results at a rate of 360 or 720 tests per hour

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13
Q

First centrifugal analyzer from NASA outer space research

A

Centrifugal analyzer (1970)

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14
Q

Developed a prototype of centrifugal analyzer at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory

A

Dr. Norman Anderson (1967)

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15
Q

Significant drawbacks of centrifugal analyzer

A

Carryover problems
Costly reagent waste

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16
Q

The first non-continuous flow, discrete analyzer

A

Automatic Clinical Analyzers (ACA) (1970)

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17
Q

The first instrument to have random-access capabilities

A

Automatic Clinical Analyzers (ACA) (1970)

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18
Q

Unique features of ACA

A

Plastic test packs
Positive patient identification
Infrequent calibration

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19
Q

Characteristics of ACA

A

Single Channel
Capable of providing a single test result on approximately 40 samples per hour

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20
Q

The first to use microsample volumes and reagents on slides for dry chemistry analysis

A

Kodk Ektachem (Vitros) Analyzers (1978)

21
Q

Two types of CC tests done in the laboratory

A

Dry Chemistry
Wet Chemistry

22
Q

Type of analysis that utilizes strips with impregnated reagent

A

Dry Chemistry

23
Q

Type of analysis that utilizes liquid reagents

A

Wet Chemistry

24
Q

Slide that contains the entire reagent chemistry system

A

Vitros slide

25
Q

Utilizes the original collection tube as sample tube/container

A

Primary Tube Sampling

26
Q

Automated systems that are commonly used in CC labs today

A

Aeroset and Architect analyzers
Advia analyzers
Synchron analyzers
Dimension analyzers
Vitros analyzers
Several Roche analyzers

27
Q

Time it takes when a test is ordered or specimen is submitted for analysis and when the test result is reported

A

Turn around time

28
Q

Time of reduced activity of the analyzer

A

Down time

29
Q

Type of analysis where liquids (reagents, diluents, and samples) are pumped through a system of continuous tubing

A

Continuous flow analysis

30
Q

Type of analysis that uses the force generated by centrifugation to transfer and then contain liquids in separate cuvettes for measurement at the perimeter of a spinning rotor

A

Centrifugal analysis

31
Q

Major advantage of centrifugal analysis

A

Batch analysis

32
Q

Type of analysis where there is a separation of each sample and accompanying reagents in a separate container

A

Discrete analysis

33
Q

Type of analyzer capable of running multiple tests one sample at a time or multiple samples one test at a time

A

Discrete analyzers

34
Q

Most popular and versatile analyzers

A

Discrete analyzers

35
Q

Used to handle and load specimens

A

Robotics

36
Q

Eliminates need for specimen aliquoting as gel separator separate RBC and plasma, serve as sample container in analyzer

A

Plasma separator tube

37
Q

There is no need to remove the closure or the lid of the collection tube prior to analysis

A

Closed tube sampling

38
Q

How does closed tube sampling works?

A

The sample probe of the analyzer will automatically pierce the rubber stopper to aspirate sample

39
Q

Layers of vitros slides and their functions

A

Spreading layer
→ accepts the sample

Reagent layer (central layer)
→ where the reagent is impregnated
→ central layers can alter the aliquot

Scavenger layer (central layer)
→ filters substances that may interfere with the reaction

Indicator layer
→ layer where the analyte of interest may be quantified

40
Q

Mixing process using different automated analyzers

A

Continuous flow analyzers
→ through the use of coiled tubing

Centrifugal analyzers
→ start-stop action of the reaction tray or bubbling of air though the sample
→ air bubbles serve as mixing media

VITROS Microslide technology
→ spreading layer

Most automated wet chemistry analyzers
→ stirring paddles that dip into the reaction container to stir sample and reagents

41
Q

Separation process using different automated analyzers

A

Continuous flow analyzers
→ dialyzer using a fine-pore cellophane membrane

VITROS Microslide technology
→ spreading layer

Discrete analyzers
→ no automated methodology to separate interfering substances

42
Q

Incubation process using different automated analyzers

A

Discrete or Continuous flow analyzers
→ heating bath

VITROS Microslide technology
→ precondition station before slides enters the incubator

43
Q

Reaction time depends on

A

Rate of transport through the system to the “read” station

44
Q

Reaction rate is controlled by

A

Temperature

45
Q

The idea of totally automating a clinical laboratory has its roots in

A

Japan

46
Q

Advantages of TLA

A

A decrease in labeling errors
Reduced turnaround times
A reduction in full-time equivalents

47
Q

Major limitations of TLA

A

The need for substantial financial investment and increased floor space

The need for highly technical personnel

48
Q

3 Phases of Testing

A

Pre analytic (Sample Processing)
Analytic (Chemical Analyses)
Post analytic (Data Management)

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (10 decks)

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