Automation

Question 1

The process whereby an analytical instrument performs many tests with only minimal involvement of an analyst

Answer 1

Automation

Question 2

Type of analysis in which many specimens are grouped in the same analytical session

Answer 2

Batch analysis

Question 3

The transport of a quantity of analyte or reagent from one specimen reaction into and contaminating a subsequent one

Answer 3

Carryover

Question 4

Type of analysis in which the sample is aspirated into the sample probe and then is delivered, often with reagent, through the same orifice into a reaction cup or another container

Answer 4

Discrete analysis

Question 5

Type of analysis in which all specimens are subjected to a series of analytical processes at the same time and in a parallel fashion

Answer 5

Parallel analysis

Question 6

Type of analysis in which any test can be performed on any sample in any sequence

Answer 6

Random access analysis

Question 7

Type of analysis in which each specimen in a batch enters the analytical process one after another, and each result or set of results emerges in the same order as the specimens are entered

Answer 7

Sequential analysis

Question 8

The number of specimens processed by an analyzer during a given period of time, or the rate at which an analytical system processes specimen

Answer 8

Throughput

Question 9

An area dedicated to a defined task and contains appropriate laboratory instrumentation to carry out that task

Answer 9

Workstation

Question 10

First Automated Analyzer

Answer 10

Technicon autoanalyzer (1957)

Question 11

Characteristics of Technicon autoanalyzer

Answer 11

Continuous, flow, sequential batch analyzer
Single channel
Capable of analyzing one sample at a time
Can provide a single test result on approximately 40
samples per hour

Question 12

Characteristics of Simultaneous Multiple Analyzers (SMA-6, SMA-12)

Answer 12

Multiple Channel
Capable of analyzing multiple samples at a time
Can produce 6 or 12 test results at a rate of 360 or 720 tests per hour

Question 13

First centrifugal analyzer from NASA outer space research

Answer 13

Centrifugal analyzer (1970)

Question 14

Developed a prototype of centrifugal analyzer at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Answer 14

Dr. Norman Anderson (1967)

Question 15

Significant drawbacks of centrifugal analyzer

Answer 15

Carryover problems
Costly reagent waste

Question 16

The first non-continuous flow, discrete analyzer

Answer 16

Automatic Clinical Analyzers (ACA) (1970)

Question 17

The first instrument to have random-access capabilities

Answer 17

Automatic Clinical Analyzers (ACA) (1970)

Question 18

Unique features of ACA

Answer 18

Plastic test packs
Positive patient identification
Infrequent calibration

Question 19

Characteristics of ACA

Answer 19

Single Channel
Capable of providing a single test result on approximately 40 samples per hour

Question 20

The first to use microsample volumes and reagents on slides for dry chemistry analysis

Answer 20

Kodk Ektachem (Vitros) Analyzers (1978)

Question 21

Two types of CC tests done in the laboratory

Answer 21

Dry Chemistry
Wet Chemistry

Question 22

Type of analysis that utilizes strips with impregnated reagent

Answer 22

Dry Chemistry

Question 23

Type of analysis that utilizes liquid reagents

Answer 23

Wet Chemistry

Question 24

Slide that contains the entire reagent chemistry system

Answer 24

Vitros slide

Question 25

Utilizes the original collection tube as sample tube/container

Answer 25

Primary Tube Sampling

Question 26

Automated systems that are commonly used in CC labs today

Answer 26

Aeroset and Architect analyzers Advia analyzers Synchron analyzers Dimension analyzers Vitros analyzers Several Roche analyzers

Question 27

Time it takes when a test is ordered or specimen is submitted for analysis and when the test result is reported

Answer 27

Turn around time

Question 28

Time of reduced activity of the analyzer

Answer 28

Down time

Question 29

Type of analysis where liquids (reagents, diluents, and samples) are pumped through a system of continuous tubing

Answer 29

Continuous flow analysis

Question 30

Type of analysis that uses the force generated by centrifugation to transfer and then contain liquids in separate cuvettes for measurement at the perimeter of a spinning rotor

Answer 30

Centrifugal analysis

Question 31

Major advantage of centrifugal analysis

Answer 31

Batch analysis

Question 32

Type of analysis where there is a separation of each sample and accompanying reagents in a separate container

Answer 32

Discrete analysis

Question 33

Type of analyzer capable of running multiple tests one sample at a time or multiple samples one test at a time

Answer 33

Discrete analyzers

Question 34

Most popular and versatile analyzers

Answer 34

Discrete analyzers

Question 35

Used to handle and load specimens

Answer 35

Robotics

Question 36

Eliminates need for specimen aliquoting as gel separator separate RBC and plasma, serve as sample container in analyzer

Answer 36

Plasma separator tube

Question 37

There is no need to remove the closure or the lid of the collection tube prior to analysis

Answer 37

Closed tube sampling

Question 38

How does closed tube sampling works?

Answer 38

The sample probe of the analyzer will automatically pierce the rubber stopper to aspirate sample

Question 39

Layers of vitros slides and their functions

Answer 39

Spreading layer → accepts the sample Reagent layer (central layer) → where the reagent is impregnated → central layers can alter the aliquot Scavenger layer (central layer) → filters substances that may interfere with the reaction Indicator layer → layer where the analyte of interest may be quantified

Question 40

Mixing process using different automated analyzers

Answer 40

Continuous flow analyzers → through the use of coiled tubing Centrifugal analyzers → start-stop action of the reaction tray or bubbling of air though the sample → air bubbles serve as mixing media VITROS Microslide technology → spreading layer Most automated wet chemistry analyzers → stirring paddles that dip into the reaction container to stir sample and reagents

Question 41

Separation process using different automated analyzers

Answer 41

Continuous flow analyzers → dialyzer using a fine-pore cellophane membrane VITROS Microslide technology → spreading layer Discrete analyzers → no automated methodology to separate interfering substances

Question 42

Incubation process using different automated analyzers

Answer 42

Discrete or Continuous flow analyzers → heating bath VITROS Microslide technology → precondition station before slides enters the incubator

Question 43

Reaction time depends on

Answer 43

Rate of transport through the system to the “read” station

Question 44

Reaction rate is controlled by

Answer 44

Temperature

Question 45

The idea of totally automating a clinical laboratory has its roots in

Answer 45

Japan

Question 46

Advantages of TLA

Answer 46

A decrease in labeling errors Reduced turnaround times A reduction in full-time equivalents

Question 47

Major limitations of TLA

Answer 47

The need for substantial financial investment and increased floor space The need for highly technical personnel

Question 48

3 Phases of Testing

Answer 48

Pre analytic (Sample Processing) Analytic (Chemical Analyses) Post analytic (Data Management)