Lipids and Lipoproteins

Question 1

Lipids are soluble in ___.

Answer 1

Non-polar organic solvents.

Question 2

Lipids are ___ elements of biomembranes and organelles.

Answer 2

structural.

Question 3

Lipids are a source of biochemical fuel via ___.

Answer 3

Beta-oxidation.

Question 4

How do lipids act as a precursor?

Answer 4

(1) Hormones and prostaglandins involved in homeostasis
(2) Bile acids in dietary fat absorption
(3) Fat soluble vitamins involved in regulatory and coenzyme function

Question 5

What are the three essential fatty acids?

Answer 5

Linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, and linoleic acid.

Question 6

How is a fatty acid determined to be saturated or unsaturated?

Answer 6

By the presence of one or more double bonds.

Question 7

Which type of fatty acid is liquid at room temperature?

Answer 7

Unsaturated fatty acid.

Question 8

What are the components of the structure of fatty acids?

Answer 8

(1) Carbon/hydrogen chain
(2) Carboxyl end
(3) Methyl end
(4) Omega-terminal methyl

Question 9

Free fatty acids in the blood are transported by what protein?

Answer 9

Albumin.

Question 10

Fatty acids are stored as ___ within ___ tissues.

Answer 10

triglycerides; adipose

Question 11

How do we obtain amino acids?

Answer 11

Through diet or synthesized from AcetylCoA in the TCA cycle.

Question 12

Describe the structure of triglycerides.

Answer 12

Glycerol with three fatty acid linkages.

Question 13

Synthesis and degradation of triglycerides are controlled by what hormone?

Answer 13

Insulin.

Question 14

Which lipoprotein transports triglycerides?

Answer 14

VLDL.

Question 15

Which lipoprotein transports exogenous triglycerides (i.e. triglycerides we obtain from food)?

Answer 15

Chylomicrons.

Question 16

Describe the structure of phospholipids.

Answer 16

Glycerol + Phosphoric Acid + Two Fatty Acids.

Question 17

What is the primary function of phospholipids?

Answer 17

Used for cellular membranes, cell signaling, blood clotting activity, and lipid transport.

Question 18

Sphingolipids are ___ of alcohol.

Answer 18

Esters.

Question 19

What is the function of sphingomyelin?

Answer 19

(1) Cell membranes of RBC’s & nerve sheath.

(2) Plays a role in brain and nerve tissue transmission.

Question 20

What is the function of prostaglandins?

Answer 20

Immunologic activity and inflammation function.

Question 21

What is the function of thromboxane?

Answer 21

Platelet aggregation.

Question 22

What is the function of leukotriene?

Answer 22

Inflammatory response.

Question 23

What are examples of isoprenoids/terpenes?

Answer 23

(1) Vitamins A, E, and K precursors.

(2) Cholesterol and derivatives precursor.

Question 24

Cholesterol is a ___; complex alcohol.

Answer 24

sterol

Question 25

Endogenous cholesterol is synthesized in the liver from ___.

Answer 25

acetyl CoA.

Question 26

What is the enzyme used for endogenous cholesterol synthesis?

Answer 26

HMG-CoA reductase.

Question 27

Which enzyme is used for cholesterol esterification in HDL in plasma?

Answer 27

Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT).

Question 28

Which enzyme is used for cholesterol esterification in HDL in tissue?

Answer 28

Acyl-cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT).

Question 29

When fatty acids have been exhausted in the body, what is an alternative form of energy?

Answer 29

Ketone Bodies.

Question 30

What are the three major ketone bodies used when in starvation?

Answer 30

(1) B-hydroxybutyrate; (2) acetoacetate; (3) acetone.