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O Chem 2 > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

What are lipids?

A

Heterogenous class of biomolecules, soluble in non polar organic solvents

Small polymers

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2
Q

Describe the polarity of lipids

A

Hydrophobic/nonpolar, some are amphipathic (contains both polar and non-polar regions)

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3
Q

Give the classes of lipids and an example of each

A

Fatty acyl- fatty acids

Glycerlipids- acylglycerols

Glycerophospholipids- glycerphosphocholines

Sphingolipids- ceremides

Sterol lipids- sterols

Phenol lipids- quinones

Lipoproteins- transport form of lipids in plasma

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4
Q

What are the regions of fatty acids?

A

Polar and non-polar

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5
Q

What are the most abundant fatty acids?

A

C-12 to C-20 and even numbered

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6
Q

Describe the double bonds in fatty acids

A

Nit conjugated and are cis configuration

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7
Q

How do fatty acids differ?

A

Differ by chain length, degree of unsaturation, position of double bonds

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8
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

Moniccarboxylic acids with long non-polar hydrocarbon chains

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9
Q

Explain the naming of fatty acids

A
  • Numbering from the carboxylic acid

- position of the double bond from the methyl end(omega system)

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10
Q

Give the types of fatty acids

A

Saturated vs unsaturated(mono or polyunsaturated fatty acids)

Short chain vs long chain fatty acids

Even vs odd chain fatty acids

Essential vs Non essential fatty acids

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11
Q

What is another name for arachidic acid, give number of carbons and M. Pt.

A

Eicosanoic acid

C20:0
M Pt= 77. degrees Celsius

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12
Q

Give another name for stearic acid, giving M Pt and number of carbons

A

Octadecanoic acid

C18:O

71 degrees Celsius

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13
Q

Give another name for palmitic acid, giving M. Pt. and number of carbons

A

Hexadecanoic acid

C16

63 degrees Celsius

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14
Q

Give another name of myristic acid, number of carbons and M Pt.

A

Tetradecanoic acid

C14:O

58 degrees Celsius

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15
Q

Give another name for Laurie acid, giving number of carbons and M. Pt

A

Dodecanoic acid

C12

MPt 44 degrees Celsius

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16
Q

List 5 saturated fatty acids

A

Laurie

Myristic

Palmitic

Stearic

Arachadonic

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17
Q

What are essential fatty acids?

A

Fatty acids that must be gained by diet as mammals cannot introduce bonds beyond C10

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18
Q

What are the essential fatty acids and from where are they obtained?

A

Linoleic and alpha-linolenic ( omega- 6 and omega -3) must be supplied from plant oils

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19
Q

What are the uses of the essential fatty acids?

A

Linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids( omega 6 and omega 3)

Used to produce arachidnic, y-linolenic and other polyunsaturated. C-20s

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20
Q

Most fatty acids in living cells are _______ or in _____________ ________

A

Esterified

Amide. Linkage

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21
Q

Fatty acids in living beings, little exists in…

A

As free fatty acids

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22
Q

What happens to free fatty acids in mammals?

A

Free fatty acids are released into blood by adipose tissue

They are transported in the blood, bound to albumin

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23
Q

How are fatty acids used for fuel molecules?

A

Stored are triacylglycerols I.e. esterified to glycerol

TAG’s are neutral, no charge, also hydrophobic

Well suited for stored-little hydration required- unlike glycogen

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24
Q

Simple TAG -3 fatty acids are….

A

The same such as tripalmitin or triolein

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25
Q

Most TAG are …

A

Mixed

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26
Q

What does existence of tricylglycerol (TAG) as a solid(butter) or liquid(oil) depend on?

A

Fatty acid composition

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27
Q

Contrast animal fat and olive oil

A

Animal fat- highly saturated

Olive oil-triolein

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28
Q

How are dialysis- and monoacylglycerols formed?

A

They are intermediates formed during hydrolysis of TAG’s

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29
Q

How can diacyl and monoacylglycerides form micelles?

A

Form micelles with bile salts

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30
Q

Why do diacylglycerides and monoacylglycerides have substantial solubility?

A

Due to free OH groups

31
Q

Monoacylglycerides(2-mono) can be absorbed across….

A

The internal mucosa

32
Q

What is saponification?

A

The base promoted hydrolysis of the ester linkages in fats and oil

Process converts insoluble TAG to soluble products

33
Q

Explain the reaction, including reactants and products of basic hydrolysis of esterified fatty acids

A

-Dilute alkali (KOH or NaOH) break ester bond

Products:

-Glycerol

Fatty acid salts of Na+ or K+ to give soluble soap

34
Q

Where do lipases act on TAG’s?

A

In cells and GI tract

35
Q

Lipase and NaOH both hydrolyzed acylglycerols, give the difference in products

A

Lipase- ionized fatty acid ( RCOO-)

NaOH- sodium salt (3RCOONa+)

36
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Contain phosphate derived from phosphoric acid

37
Q

What are the most common phospholipids?

A

Phosphoglycerides (Glycerophospholipids)

38
Q

Describe the polarity of phospholipids

A

They are amphipathic molecules, contains both polar and non-polar molecules

39
Q

Explain how is phosphatidic acid phosphoric acid produced?

A

A glycerol backbone with 2 OHs is esterified to fatty acids

The 3rd OH (A polar head group) is esterified to phosphoric acid, resulting in phosphatidic acid

40
Q

Many phospholipids contain an additional ….

A

Alcohol esterified to the phosphoric acid group

41
Q

How to name glycerophospholipids?

A

Names based on head group, X

All are glycerophospho (phosphatidyl) i.e, from parent compound

(Comeback to this slide)

Fatty acids are usually saturated at C1 and unsaturated at C2

42
Q

What is the role of sphingolipids in the body?

A

Constituents of membranes in brain and nervous tissue

43
Q

What are the 3 major families of sphingolipids?

A

Sphingomyelin

Cerebrosides

Gangliosides

44
Q

Describe the structure of sphingolipids

A

One mole of sphingosine( an 18 carbon amino alcohol)( or a sphingosine derivative)

One mole of fatty acid

A polar head

45
Q

Where are sphingosine not present?

A

In prokaryotes

46
Q

Where is the fatty acid of a sphingolipids attached to?

A

Fatty acid attached to sphingosine base(C2) by an amide

47
Q

Explain how sphingolipids are analogues of GP-lipids

A

C1, C2 and C3 of sphingosine correspond to the glycerol backbone of phospholipids

48
Q

Basic structure of sphingolipids given by…

A

Ceremide

49
Q

How is ceremides formed?

A

Sphingosine and fatty acid

50
Q

Where is the polar head attached in sphingolipids?

A

The polar head group attached by a glycosidic bond(sugar) or by ester bond(phosphate)

51
Q

This chemical is the main component of myelin sheaths surrounding certain nerves

A

Sphingomyelin

52
Q

What combines to create sphingomyelin?

A

Ceramide and phospho-choline

53
Q

What is the charge on sphingomyelin

A

Has no net charge(As it resembles phosphocholine)

54
Q

Aside from myelin sheaths, where are sphingomyelin present?

A

In plasma membranes of most mammalian cells

55
Q

What are glycosphingosides?

A

Ceremide linked to 1 or more sugar residues

56
Q

What are gangliosides?

A

Glycosphingolipids with complex oligosaccharides head groups

57
Q

Describe the sugar residues of ganglioside

A

At least 3. Residues, 1 Being sialic acid(N- acetylneuraminic) giving an anionic(-ve charge) to gangliosides

58
Q

Describe gangliosides in relation to cell surfaces

A

On cell surfaces 2HC chains are embedded in P-membrane while oligosaccharides group on EC surface

59
Q

Describe the bond in glycosphingosides

A

A beta glycosidic bond with C1 OH of sphingosine

60
Q

Describe each of the 3 classes of glycosphingosides sides

A

Cerebrosides- galacto- and glucocerebrosides

Globisides- more than 1 sugar

Sulfatides- sulfate esters of cerebrosides

61
Q

Give the 5 steroid classes and the number of carbons they have

A

Bile acids- 24

Corticosteroids - C-21

Progesterone- C-21

Androgens- C19

Estrogen - C18

62
Q

Describe lipoproteins

A

Spherical macromolecules containing TAG, cholesterol, cholesterol esters in non-covalent associations with phospholipids and proteins

63
Q

Do lipoproteins contain FREE fatty acids?

A

No

64
Q

Describe the amphipathic nature of lipoproteins

A

Hydrophilic surface outside with a layer of amphipathic molecules- proteins, P-lipids, 3-OH of cholesterol

Hydrophobic core- cholesterol esters and TAG

65
Q

What is the function of lipoproteins?

A

Transport of lipids in the blood

66
Q

Give the 5 major classes of lipoproteins and their densities

A

Chylomicrons- below 0.95 g/mL

Very low density lipoprotein- 0.95 - 1.006 g/mL

Intermediate lipoproteins- 1.006-1.019 g/mL

Low density lipoproteins- 1.019- 1.063 g/mL

High density lipoproteins- 1.063- 1.210 g/mL

67
Q

What are the lipid soluble proteins and their functions

A

Vitamin A/retinol - vision

Vitamin D - Ca and P metabolism

Vitamin K- blood clotting

Vitamin E- anti-oxidant, reproduction

68
Q

Name 6 unsaturated fatty acids

A

Palmitoleic

Oleic

Linoleic

a-linolenic

y-linolenic

Arachidonic

69
Q

What is another name for palmitoleic acid, giving single bond to double bond and M pt.

A

Hexadecenoic acid

C 16:1 (on carbon 9)

-0.5 degrees Celsius

70
Q

Give another name for oleic acid, giving ratio of single to double bonds and M pt.

A

Octadecenoic acid

C18:1 on carbon 9

16 degrees celsius

71
Q

Give another name for linoleic acid, giving ratio. Of single bonds to double carbon and M pt.

A

Octadecadienoic acid

C18:2 carbons 9 and 12

-5 degrees celsius

72
Q

Give another name for a-linolenic acid giving ratio of double bond to carbon bond and M pt.

A

Octadecatrienoic acid

C18:3 carbons 9,12 and 15

-11 degrees Celsius

73
Q

Give another name for y-linoleic, giving the ratio of double to single carbon bonds and M pt.

A

Octadecatrienoic

C18:3 on carbon 6,9 and 12

-13 degrees Celsius

74
Q

Give another name for arachodonic acid, giving the ratio of double to single bonds and M pt.

A

Eicosatetraenoic

C20:4 on carbon 5,8,11,14

-50 degrees Celsius

O Chem 2 (22 decks)

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