Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

O Chem 2 > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Chemistry flashcards Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are lipids?

A

Heterogenous class of biomolecules, soluble in non polar organic solvents

Small polymers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the polarity of lipids

A

Hydrophobic/nonpolar, some are amphipathic (contains both polar and non-polar regions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Give the classes of lipids and an example of each

A

Fatty acyl- fatty acids

Glycerlipids- acylglycerols

Glycerophospholipids- glycerphosphocholines

Sphingolipids- ceremides

Sterol lipids- sterols

Phenol lipids- quinones

Lipoproteins- transport form of lipids in plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the regions of fatty acids?

A

Polar and non-polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the most abundant fatty acids?

A

C-12 to C-20 and even numbered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the double bonds in fatty acids

A

Nit conjugated and are cis configuration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do fatty acids differ?

A

Differ by chain length, degree of unsaturation, position of double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

Moniccarboxylic acids with long non-polar hydrocarbon chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain the naming of fatty acids

A
  • Numbering from the carboxylic acid

- position of the double bond from the methyl end(omega system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Give the types of fatty acids

A

Saturated vs unsaturated(mono or polyunsaturated fatty acids)

Short chain vs long chain fatty acids

Even vs odd chain fatty acids

Essential vs Non essential fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is another name for arachidic acid, give number of carbons and M. Pt.

A

Eicosanoic acid

C20:0
M Pt= 77. degrees Celsius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Give another name for stearic acid, giving M Pt and number of carbons

A

Octadecanoic acid

C18:O

71 degrees Celsius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Give another name for palmitic acid, giving M. Pt. and number of carbons

A

Hexadecanoic acid

C16

63 degrees Celsius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give another name of myristic acid, number of carbons and M Pt.

A

Tetradecanoic acid

C14:O

58 degrees Celsius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Give another name for Laurie acid, giving number of carbons and M. Pt

A

Dodecanoic acid

C12

MPt 44 degrees Celsius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List 5 saturated fatty acids

A

Laurie

Myristic

Palmitic

Stearic

Arachadonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are essential fatty acids?

A

Fatty acids that must be gained by diet as mammals cannot introduce bonds beyond C10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the essential fatty acids and from where are they obtained?

A

Linoleic and alpha-linolenic ( omega- 6 and omega -3) must be supplied from plant oils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the uses of the essential fatty acids?

A

Linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids( omega 6 and omega 3)

Used to produce arachidnic, y-linolenic and other polyunsaturated. C-20s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Most fatty acids in living cells are _______ or in _____________ ________

A

Esterified

Amide. Linkage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Fatty acids in living beings, little exists in…

A

As free fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens to free fatty acids in mammals?

A

Free fatty acids are released into blood by adipose tissue

They are transported in the blood, bound to albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How are fatty acids used for fuel molecules?

A

Stored are triacylglycerols I.e. esterified to glycerol

TAG’s are neutral, no charge, also hydrophobic

Well suited for stored-little hydration required- unlike glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Simple TAG -3 fatty acids are….

A

The same such as tripalmitin or triolein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Most TAG are …

A

Mixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does existence of tricylglycerol (TAG) as a solid(butter) or liquid(oil) depend on?

A

Fatty acid composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Contrast animal fat and olive oil

A

Animal fat- highly saturated

Olive oil-triolein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How are dialysis- and monoacylglycerols formed?

A

They are intermediates formed during hydrolysis of TAG’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How can diacyl and monoacylglycerides form micelles?

A

Form micelles with bile salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Why do diacylglycerides and monoacylglycerides have substantial solubility?

A

Due to free OH groups

31
Q

Monoacylglycerides(2-mono) can be absorbed across….

A

The internal mucosa

32
Q

What is saponification?

A

The base promoted hydrolysis of the ester linkages in fats and oil

Process converts insoluble TAG to soluble products

33
Q

Explain the reaction, including reactants and products of basic hydrolysis of esterified fatty acids

A

-Dilute alkali (KOH or NaOH) break ester bond

Products:

-Glycerol

Fatty acid salts of Na+ or K+ to give soluble soap

34
Q

Where do lipases act on TAG’s?

A

In cells and GI tract

35
Q

Lipase and NaOH both hydrolyzed acylglycerols, give the difference in products

A

Lipase- ionized fatty acid ( RCOO-)

NaOH- sodium salt (3RCOONa+)

36
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Contain phosphate derived from phosphoric acid

37
Q

What are the most common phospholipids?

A

Phosphoglycerides (Glycerophospholipids)

38
Q

Describe the polarity of phospholipids

A

They are amphipathic molecules, contains both polar and non-polar molecules

39
Q

Explain how is phosphatidic acid phosphoric acid produced?

A

A glycerol backbone with 2 OHs is esterified to fatty acids

The 3rd OH (A polar head group) is esterified to phosphoric acid, resulting in phosphatidic acid

40
Q

Many phospholipids contain an additional ….

A

Alcohol esterified to the phosphoric acid group

41
Q

How to name glycerophospholipids?

A

Names based on head group, X

All are glycerophospho (phosphatidyl) i.e, from parent compound

(Comeback to this slide)

Fatty acids are usually saturated at C1 and unsaturated at C2

42
Q

What is the role of sphingolipids in the body?

A

Constituents of membranes in brain and nervous tissue

43
Q

What are the 3 major families of sphingolipids?

A

Sphingomyelin

Cerebrosides

Gangliosides

44
Q

Describe the structure of sphingolipids

A

One mole of sphingosine( an 18 carbon amino alcohol)( or a sphingosine derivative)

One mole of fatty acid

A polar head

45
Q

Where are sphingosine not present?

A

In prokaryotes

46
Q

Where is the fatty acid of a sphingolipids attached to?

A

Fatty acid attached to sphingosine base(C2) by an amide

47
Q

Explain how sphingolipids are analogues of GP-lipids

A

C1, C2 and C3 of sphingosine correspond to the glycerol backbone of phospholipids

48
Q

Basic structure of sphingolipids given by…

A

Ceremide

49
Q

How is ceremides formed?

A

Sphingosine and fatty acid

50
Q

Where is the polar head attached in sphingolipids?

A

The polar head group attached by a glycosidic bond(sugar) or by ester bond(phosphate)

51
Q

This chemical is the main component of myelin sheaths surrounding certain nerves

A

Sphingomyelin

52
Q

What combines to create sphingomyelin?

A

Ceramide and phospho-choline

53
Q

What is the charge on sphingomyelin

A

Has no net charge(As it resembles phosphocholine)

54
Q

Aside from myelin sheaths, where are sphingomyelin present?

A

In plasma membranes of most mammalian cells

55
Q

What are glycosphingosides?

A

Ceremide linked to 1 or more sugar residues

56
Q

What are gangliosides?

A

Glycosphingolipids with complex oligosaccharides head groups

57
Q

Describe the sugar residues of ganglioside

A

At least 3. Residues, 1 Being sialic acid(N- acetylneuraminic) giving an anionic(-ve charge) to gangliosides

58
Q

Describe gangliosides in relation to cell surfaces

A

On cell surfaces 2HC chains are embedded in P-membrane while oligosaccharides group on EC surface

59
Q

Describe the bond in glycosphingosides

A

A beta glycosidic bond with C1 OH of sphingosine

60
Q

Describe each of the 3 classes of glycosphingosides sides

A

Cerebrosides- galacto- and glucocerebrosides

Globisides- more than 1 sugar

Sulfatides- sulfate esters of cerebrosides

61
Q

Give the 5 steroid classes and the number of carbons they have

A

Bile acids- 24

Corticosteroids - C-21

Progesterone- C-21

Androgens- C19

Estrogen - C18

62
Q

Describe lipoproteins

A

Spherical macromolecules containing TAG, cholesterol, cholesterol esters in non-covalent associations with phospholipids and proteins

63
Q

Do lipoproteins contain FREE fatty acids?

A

No

64
Q

Describe the amphipathic nature of lipoproteins

A

Hydrophilic surface outside with a layer of amphipathic molecules- proteins, P-lipids, 3-OH of cholesterol

Hydrophobic core- cholesterol esters and TAG

65
Q

What is the function of lipoproteins?

A

Transport of lipids in the blood

66
Q

Give the 5 major classes of lipoproteins and their densities

A

Chylomicrons- below 0.95 g/mL

Very low density lipoprotein- 0.95 - 1.006 g/mL

Intermediate lipoproteins- 1.006-1.019 g/mL

Low density lipoproteins- 1.019- 1.063 g/mL

High density lipoproteins- 1.063- 1.210 g/mL

67
Q

What are the lipid soluble proteins and their functions

A

Vitamin A/retinol - vision

Vitamin D - Ca and P metabolism

Vitamin K- blood clotting

Vitamin E- anti-oxidant, reproduction

68
Q

Name 6 unsaturated fatty acids

A

Palmitoleic

Oleic

Linoleic

a-linolenic

y-linolenic

Arachidonic

69
Q

What is another name for palmitoleic acid, giving single bond to double bond and M pt.

A

Hexadecenoic acid

C 16:1 (on carbon 9)

-0.5 degrees Celsius

70
Q

Give another name for oleic acid, giving ratio of single to double bonds and M pt.

A

Octadecenoic acid

C18:1 on carbon 9

16 degrees celsius

71
Q

Give another name for linoleic acid, giving ratio. Of single bonds to double carbon and M pt.

A

Octadecadienoic acid

C18:2 carbons 9 and 12

-5 degrees celsius

72
Q

Give another name for a-linolenic acid giving ratio of double bond to carbon bond and M pt.

A

Octadecatrienoic acid

C18:3 carbons 9,12 and 15

-11 degrees Celsius

73
Q

Give another name for y-linoleic, giving the ratio of double to single carbon bonds and M pt.

A

Octadecatrienoic

C18:3 on carbon 6,9 and 12

-13 degrees Celsius

74
Q

Give another name for arachodonic acid, giving the ratio of double to single bonds and M pt.

A

Eicosatetraenoic

C20:4 on carbon 5,8,11,14

-50 degrees Celsius

O Chem 2 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions