Lipids

Question 1

insoluble in water due to hydrophobic/amphipathic character; don’t form polymers; function in energy storage, membrane components, active roles

Answer 1

lipids

Question 2

hydrocarbonds with carboxylic head group; usually in even number of Cs but differ in saturation and length

Answer 2

fatty acids

Question 3

double bonds are usually in ___ conformation and are located after carbons __, ___, and ___

Answer 3

cis; 9, 12, 15

Question 4

fatty acid nomenclature is #___:#___delta ___

Answer 4

carbons; double bonds; location of db bonds

Question 5

fatty acids associate thru ___ and ____ interactions

Answer 5

VDW; hydrophobic

Question 6

Which has more influence on melting temp: tail length or #db bonds?

Answer 6

db bonds

Question 7

fat storage cells in animal tissues

Answer 7

adipocytes

Question 8

List energy storage molecules in order from most rapid to most long term:

Answer 8

ATP (

Question 9

why are lipids effective in long term energy storage?

Answer 9

low oxidation state (less oxygens around) and low hydration state (more compact, limited interaction with water)

Question 10

storage lipids in animals and plants; ester linkage removes polar head group to make a more hydrophobic molecule

Answer 10

triacylglycerols

Question 11

treatment of animal fat with a strong base, breaking the ester linkages of triacylglycerols, often to make soap, is called:

Answer 11

saponification

Question 12

has the same texture and taste as fat but passes through digestive system without being absorbed (8 fatty acids linked to sucrose)

Answer 12

olestra

Question 13

non-polar esters of long-chain fatty acids and long chain monohydroxylic alcohols; have high melting temps and are very water insoluble; serve as protective waterproof coatings

Answer 13

waxes

Question 14

what are the different types of membrane lipids?

Answer 14

phospho (glycerophospho, sphingo) and glyco (sphingo, galactolipids)

Question 15

most abundant membrane lipid; glycerol backbone w/ a phosphate at the C3 position, and 2 fatty acids (phosphatidate). FA at C1 saturated with 16 or 18 C, FA at C2 unsaturated with 18 or 20 C

Answer 15

glycerophospholipids

Question 16

an example of a glycerophospholipid with a specialized polar head group, that once cleaved goes into the cell to trigger an increase in calcium

Answer 16

phosphatidylinositol

Question 17

since phosphate is limited in plants, often replace phosphate groups with:

Answer 17

two galactose groups (galactolipids) or sulfonate group (sulfolipids)

Question 18

___ are derived from long chain amino alcohol called sphingosine; a fatty acid links to sphingosine by an amide bond to form ___

Answer 18

sphingolipids; ceramide

Question 19

Name the three classes of sphingolipids

Answer 19

sphingomyelins, cerebrosides, and gangliosides

Question 20

contain phosphocholine/phosphoethanolamine

Answer 20

sphingomyelin

Question 21

type of glycosphingolipid, with a single sugar unit and no phosphate group

Answer 21

cerebrosides

Question 22

type of glycosphingolipid with more than 6 sugar units, and contain sialic acid which is involved in RBC identification as “old” or “new” (considered new when associated with RBC)

Answer 22

gangliosides

Question 23

What are the 3 key membrane modifications that extremophiles adopt in order to life in extreme conditions?

Answer 23

1) long chain hydrocarbs linked at either end to glycerol
2) fatty acid chains joined to glycerol through ether instead of ester
3) branched hydrocarb chains resist oxidation

Question 24

structural membrane lipids and precursors for things like hormones; four fused ring systems (3 six C rings, and 5-C ring) that are rigid and nearly planar

Answer 24

sterols/steroids

Question 25

known for causing plaques; mediates membrane fluidity (not too fluid or too solid), serves as precursor of steroid hormones and bile salts; regulating inflammation

Answer 25

cholesterol

Question 26

Paracrine hormones that act on cells near point of production; derivatives of C20 polyunsaturated FA (arachidonic acid)

Answer 26

eicosanoids

Question 27

what are the three classes of eicosanoids?

Answer 27

prostaglandins (constrict blood vessels), thromboxanes (blood clotting), leukotrienes (smooth-muscle contraction and bronchial constriction)

Question 28

____ blocks production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes

Answer 28

aspirin

Question 29

When tissue is damaged, plants can generate and release lipids called ____ that attract predatory bugs to attack herbivores eating plant

Answer 29

Green Leaf Volatiles (GLVs)

Question 30

wedge-like ____ ; cylindrical ______

Answer 30

micelle units, lipid bilayer units