Lipids Flashcards
Derivatives of fatty acids serve as
hormones, signal molecules, and intracellular messenger
Fatty acids are the building blocks of _______ and _______, components of biological membranes
Phospholipids and glycolipids
suffix for a fatty acid with no double bond
-anoic
suffix for a fatty acid with 1 double bond
-enoic
suffix for a fatty acid with two double bonds
-adienoic
Suffix for a fatty acid with three double bonds
-atrienoic
The methyl carbon at the distal end of the chain is called the ______
omega carbon
when number fatty acids you start where
at the carboxyl terminus
Carbon number two of a fatty acid is the ______
alpha carbon
Carbon number three of a fatty acid is the _____
beta carbon
What group on a fatty acid is ionizable
The fatty acid head group
Fatty acids usually contain an _____ number of C atoms, typically between ____ and ____
even, 14, and 24
what are the two most common carbon fatty acids
16 and 18
Is cis or trans fatty acids more common
Cis
Fatty acids are ionized at physiological pH, so it is appropriate to refer to them according to their ______
Caroxylate form, ex palmitate instead of palmitic acid
what determines the properties of a fatty acid
The length of the chain and the degree of saturation
Unsaturated fatty acids have a _____ melting point than saturated fatty acids of the same length
lower
The melting points of saturated fatty acids _____ with the chain length
increase
What are the 3 essential fatty acids
Linoleate, Linolenate, and Arachidonate
What is the systematic name for Palmitate
n-Hexadecanoate
What is the systematic name for Stearate
n-Octadecanoate
What is the systematic name Linoleate
Octadecadienoate
What is the systematic name of Linolenate
Octadecatrienoate
What is the systematic name of Arachidonate
Eicosatetraenoate
how many carbons are in Palmitate
16
how many carbons are in Stearate
18
How many carbons are in Linoleate
18
How many carbons are in Linolenate
18
How many carbons are in Arachidonate
20
an archaean uses ____ linkage in its fatty acids because they are more resistant to hydrolysis
ether linkage
Branched and saturated hydrocarbons are more resistant to _______
Oxidation
What are the three major membrane lipids
Phospholipids, Glycolipids, Cholesterol
Cerebroide is what kind of major membrane lipid
Glycolipid
Phosphoglyceride and Sphingomyelin are what type of major class of membrane lipids
Phospholipids
What are the 4 components of a phospholipid
2-Fatty acids, a backbone to which fatty acids are attached (glycerol or spingosine) Phosphate, an alcohol attached to phosphate
What enables phospholipids to interact with water
Hydrophilic properties of phosphate and alcohol groups
Saturated C16 and C18 fatty acids usually occur at the ____ position of a phospholipid/Phosphoglyceride glycerol backbone
C1
Unsaturated C16 to C20 fatty acids usually occupy the ____ position of a phospholipid/Phosphoglyceride glycerol backbone
C2
Saturated ____ and ____fatty acids usually occur at the C1 position of a phospholipid/Phosphoglyceride glycerol backbone
C16 and C18
Unsaturated ___ to ____ fatty acids usually occupy the C2 position of a phospholipid/Phosphoglyceride glycerol backbone
C16 to C20
only small amounts of _____ are present in membranes
phosphatidate
What is phosphatidate (diacylglycerol 3-phosphate)
a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of other phosphoglycerides.
What is the major function of Phosphatidylserine
Important for memory and cognition
What is the major function of Phosphatidylcholine
Major constituent of cell membrane and pulmonary surfactant
what is the major function of Phosphatidylethanolamine
composing 25% of all phospholipids in human physiology, they are found particularly in nervous tissue such as the white matter of brain
What is the major function of phosphatidylinositol
important signaling and other functional activities in eukaryotic cell
What is the major function of Diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin)
Important component of inner mitochondrial membrane
What is a Sphingosine
An amino alcohol that contains a long, unsaturated hydrocarbon
What is Sphingomyelin
A phospholipid with the sphingosine as the backbone
In Sphingomyelin the amino group of the sphingosine is linked to a fatty acid by an _______
Amide bone
Where is Sphingomyelin found
Found in animal cell membranes especially in the membranous myelin sheath that surrounds some nerve cell axons
what are glycolipids derived from
sphingosine
What are the simplest glycolipids
Cerebroside, which contains a single sugar residue, either glucose or galactose
how do glycolipids differ from sphingomyelin
the identity of the unit that is linked to the primary hydroxyl group of the sphingosine backbone. In glycolipids it is one or more sugars (rather than phosphorylcholine)
In glycolipids the sugar residues are always on the ____________ side of the membrane
extracellular
how many sugar residues does a cerebroside contain
a single sugar residue, either a glucose or galactose
What are gangliosides?
more -complex glycolipids. may contain a branched chain of as many as seven sugar residues
where are Cerebrosides found
important components in animal muscle and nerve cell membranes
What is the common name for monoglycosylceramides
Cerbrosides
Why is cholesterol classified as a sterol
because of its C3-OH group and its branched aliphatic side chain of 8 to 10 atoms at C-17.
Cholesterol is a _____, present in eukaryotes but not in most ________
steroid, prokaryotes
Cholesterol is formed from how many fused saturated hydrocarbon rings
4
What is the ring system for cholesterol named
cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene
What is the most abundant steroid in animals
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a major component of the eukaryotic __________
Plasma membrane
In the membrane cholesterol is oriented _______ to the fatty acid chains of the phospholipids, and the hydroxyl group interacts with the nearby __________
Parallel, phospholipid head group
Cholesterol is a metabolic precursor of what
steroid hormones
Cholesterol is absent in some _____ membranes and ______
intracellular, prokaryotes
How many carbons does laurate have
12
how many carbons does myristate have
14
How many carbons does arachidate have
20
how many carbons does behenate have
22
How many carbons does lignocerate have
24
How many carbons does Palmitoleate have
16
How many carbons does oleate have
18
what are the fatty acids with 2 double bond
palmitoleate and Oleate
Phosphatidylinositol
Dihosphatidylglycerol (cardiolpin)
Spingomyelin is a phospholipid found in membranes that is not derived from ______
Glycerol
Spingosine backbone is
an amino alcohol that contains a long, unsaturated hydrocarbon chain.
Ether linkage is more resistant to what
Hydrolysis
What are the three ways that archaeon membrane lipids differ from human
Ether linkage, branching, and sterochemistry is different
Phosphatidylserine
Phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylethanolamine
