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Biochemistry (material for exam II) > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are carbohydrates made up of

A

C, H, O

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2
Q

What is the general formula for Carbohydrates

A

Cn (H2O)n : N=(3-9)

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3
Q

What are 4 common dietary carbohydrates

A

Starch, Sucrose, Dietary fiber, and Lactose

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4
Q

What is the nutritional reservoir of CH in plants

A

Starch

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5
Q

Starch is a polysaccharide of

A

Glucose

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6
Q

What is amylose

A

unbranched form of starch

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7
Q

What is amylopectin

A

The branched form of starch

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8
Q

natural sweetener and found in fruits and vegetables

A

Sucrose

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9
Q

Sucrose is a disaccharide of ___ and ____

A

glucose and fructose

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10
Q

What is the origin of dietary fiber

A

plants

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11
Q

A major dietary carbohydrate of animal origin

A

Lactose

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12
Q

Lactose is a disaccharide of ____ and _____

A

glucose and galactose

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13
Q

What is the simplest form of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides

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14
Q

What are some examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose

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15
Q

What are two monosaccharides

A

Disaccharides

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16
Q

Maltose, lactose, and sucrose are all

A

disaccharides

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17
Q

Glycolipids and glycoproteins are

A

oligosaccharides

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18
Q

what are oligosaccharides

A

3-10 monosaccharides

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19
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

> 10 monosaccharides

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20
Q

Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are all

A

polysaccharides

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21
Q

what are epimers

A

diastereomers that differ in configuration of only one stereogenic (chiral) center

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22
Q

D-glucose and D-Galactose are examples of

A

epimers

23
Q

What three components will help to identify a monosaccharide

A

Carbon number
Functional group
Stereoisomer form

24
Q

What are the smallest monosaccharides

A

3 carbon atoms (triose)
dihydroxyacetone
D and L- glceraldehyde

25
Q

The D and L nomenclature of a monosaccharide is determined by

A

position of the OH group farthest from carbonyl carbon

26
Q

Most sugars are in _____ series in humans

A

D

27
Q

Constitutional isomeers

A

differ in the order of attachment of atoms

28
Q

Enantiomers

A

Nonsuperimposable mirror images

29
Q

What are two forms of diastereoisomers

A

Epimers

Anomers

30
Q

What are anomers

A

differ at new asymmetric carbon upon ring closure

ex. alpha-D-glucose and beta-D-glucose

31
Q

What are epimers

A

differ at one of several asymmetric carbons

ex. D-Glucose and D-mannose (or D-galactose)

32
Q

Diastereoisomers

A

isomers that are not mirror images

33
Q

How is a pyranose formed

A

mutarotation of D-Glucose leads to ring closure

34
Q

How is a furanose formed

A

mutarotation of D-Fructose leads to ring closure

35
Q

What is the the preferred form alpha-D-Glucopyranose or beta-D-Glucopyranose

A

Beta-D-glucopyranose

36
Q

What is the difference between an alpha anemia and a beta anomer

A

The alpha anomer is on the opposite side of the ring as the Ch2OH
The beta anomer is on the same side of the ring from the CH2OH

37
Q

In solution monosaccarides mostly exist as

A

ring structure

38
Q

Does fructose form both pyranose and furanose rings

A

yes (pyranose from predominates in fructose that is free in solution, and the furanose form predominates in many fructose derivatives)

39
Q

Deoxyaldose

A

is a chemically modified monosaccharide derivative

it is a major component of DNA

40
Q

Acetylated amino sugars

A

chemically modified monosaccharide derivative

They are components of glycoproteins and glycolipids (cell signaling, cell adhesion, immune response)

41
Q

Acidic sugars

A

Chemically modified monosaccharide derivatives
glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans.
present in cell membrane and in the extracellular matrix

42
Q

Sugar esters

A

Chemically modified monosaccharide derivative

constituted the gangliosides in oligodendrocyte of the nervous system

43
Q

Sugar alcohols (e.g. mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol)

A

Chemically modified monosaccharide derivatives
food additives, gains importance in uncontrolled diabetes leading to cataracts and peripheral neuropathy used in synthesis of lipids

44
Q

sucrose shows what kind of linkage

A

1-2-glycosidic linkage

45
Q

Lactose demonstrates what kind of linkage

A

1-4 glycosidic linkage

46
Q

Maltose demonstrates what kind of linkage

A

1-4 glycosidic linkage

47
Q

starch amylose is a polysaccharide of glucose residues linked with

A

alpha 1,4-glycosidic bonds

48
Q

Amylopecin is amylose with the addition of

A

alpha 1,6 glycosidic branch points

49
Q

Cellulose unbranched polymer of glucose residues joined by

A

Beta-1,4 linkages

50
Q

Starch and glycogen use what kind of linkage

A

alpha 1,4-glycosidic linkages, these are bent and better for storage

51
Q

O-linkage uses the oxygen on

A

Serine

52
Q

N-linked glycosidic bonds uses the N on the

A

Asn

53
Q

The first sugar added to an o-linked glycosidic bond is always

A

xylose

54
Q

Types of Glycoaminoglycans

A

Chondroitin sulphate
Dermatan sulphate
Heparan sulphate
Keratan sulfate

Biochemistry (material for exam II) (10 decks)

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