Lipids 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the body use to breakdown fatty acids to produce energy?

A

Beta oxidation

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2
Q

Where does beta oxidation occur?

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

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3
Q

What does B oxidation produce (stored chemical energy)?

A

Acetyl CoA, FADH2, NADH

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4
Q

What are the three stages of B ox?

A
  • Activation
  • Transport
  • Degredation
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5
Q

Where are the FA’s activated?

A

Cytosol

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6
Q

Where are FA’s transported to?

A

Mitochondria

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7
Q

What happens to the fatty acid during activation?

A

Has a CoA group attached to it to produce Acyl CoA

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8
Q

What replaces the CoA of Acyl CoA to allow it to move into the mitochondrial matrix?

A

Carnitine

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9
Q

Can Acyl CoA move into the outer membrane of the mitochondria?

A

Yes - when inside it it converted by carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 to form acyl carnitine.

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10
Q

How does acyl carnitine enter the mitochondrial matrix?

A

Through transferase

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11
Q

What happens when it arrives?

A

It is converted to Acyl CoA through carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2.

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12
Q

What happens to the carnitine produced by the action of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2?

A

It moves back into the outer membrane through transferase.

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13
Q

What is carnitine palmitoyl inhibited by to stop synthesis and degradation at the same time?

A

Malonyl CoA

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14
Q

What happens when their is a deficiency of CAT-1?

A

No B ox occurs.

  • Hypoglycaemia
  • Treated with IV glucose or consuming short chain FA’s.
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15
Q

Do short/medium chain FA’s need transport with the carnitine shuttle?

A

No

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16
Q

What are the 4 main steps of degradation? And what does each stage produce?

A
  • Dehydrogenation (produces FADH2)
  • Hydration
  • Dehydrogenation (NADH)
  • Thiolysis (acetyl CoA)
17
Q

What does each B ox produce?

A

One acetyl CoA and a FA species 2 carbons shorter than the original.

18
Q

How much acetyl CoA, NADH and FADH2 does complete B ox of palmitate produce?

A

8 acetyl CoA, 7 NADH, 7 FADH2

19
Q

What is the ATP yield per FADH2?

A

2

20
Q

ATP yield per NADH?

A

3

21
Q

ATP yield per acetyl CoA

A

12

22
Q

What happens to FA’s longer than 22 C’s before B ox can occur?

A

Preliminary B ox in the peroxisomes occurs, the shorter chain is then attached to carnitine and diffuses into the mitochondria.

23
Q

Why can FA’s not be used to produce glucose?

A

Acetyl CoA back to pyruvate is very unflavoured thermodynamically.

24
Q

What is acetyl CoA converted to when there is an excess of it?

A

Ketone bodies

25
Q

How many acetyl CoA’s is used to produce a ketone body?

A

2

26
Q

Why is the conversion of FA’s to ketone bodies useful?

A

Some tissues, particularly the brain, can’t use FA’s for energy production but CAN use ketone bodies.

27
Q

What happens during uncontrolled diabetes?

A
  • The body starts producing ketones
  • Ketonemia and academia result
  • Blood pH drops
  • Coma and death