Lipids Flashcards
Apo B-48 is associated with which lipid particle?
chylomicron
Apo B-100 is associated with which lipid particle?
LDL and VLDL
lipoprotein lipase is activated by which lipoprotein to begin TG digestion?
Apo C-II
What’s reverse cholesterol transport?
Where excess free cholesterol is removed from cells in peripheral tissues, and returned to the liver via HDL particles, which are activated to uptake cholesterol through the ABC1 gene
What does CETP do?
Cholesterol ester transfer protein. It mediates the transfer of cholesterol from HDL to apoB-containing proteins (VLDL, LDL).
What do statins do?
Block HMG-CoA reductase to inhibit cholesterol production. Due to low production, liver compensates by making more LDL-R to absorb more cholesterol out of blood
At what concentration does fasting TG give risk to acute pancreatitis
> 10 mM
At what level does TG give risk to CHD
3-10 mM
How many Canadians our of 3 die from heart disease and stroke?
1 in 3
What happens during adaptation stage of atherosclerosis?
Vessels expand to accomodate the fat build up. The lumen stays the same size though (outer diameter increases)
What’s the reference interval for lab testing?
2.5th percentile to 97.5th percentile (central 95% of healthy population).
Describe precision (lab testing)
hit same place repeatedly, but place is off target
Describe accuracy (lab testing)
Average of hits is at the target, but hits may fluctuate around the target
What’s bias (lab testing)?
Tests that yield high precision, but are off-target
What’s specificity? (lab testing)
Proportion of those without disease that also test negative. SP = TN/(TN + FP)
What’s sensitivity? (lab testing)
Proportion of those with disease that test positive. SN = TP/(TP+FN)
What do you want to maximize when you’re screening?
Sensitivity to catch all the false negatives
What do you want to maximize when you’re diagnosing?
Specificity to catch all the false positives and not give them bad news
How does increased saturated fat affect LDL and HDL?
Saturated fat increases LDL-C, but also increases HDL-C. Not clear cut on the health recommendation.
How do trans fatty acids affect LDLC and HDLC?
Increase LDL-C and reduce HDL-C. Therefore, bad for health.
Where are trans fatty acids found?
Hydrogenated vegetable oils (makes fats more firm (e.g. margerine)
How do PUFAs affect LDLC and HDLC?
Decrease LDL, decrease HDL. Some effect to decrease LDL/HDL ratio, so some relationship to decreased CHD. Note that PUFA leads to increased free radicals, which can cause cancer
How do MUFAs affect LDLC and HDLC?
Increase HDL, decrease LDL. Good for health.
What are some foods that contain MUFAs?
Nuts, olive oil, canola oil
How does alcohol affect HDL-C?
Increase. Variable effect though.
How many calories per gram of alcohol?
7 kCal/g of alcohol
How does vegetable protein affect cholesterol levels, compared to animal proteins?
Decreases
How does soy affect cardiovascular health?
May stimulate release of NO, which could dialate arterial beds
How does fibre affect cardiovascular health?
Can reduce serum cholesterol
How does exercise affect lipids?
Increases HDL. Some evidence that shows reduced LDL-C
How does smoking affect CHD?
Decreased HDL. Smoking cessation might cause weight gain b/c lower BMR during cessation period.
How do plant -stanols and -sterols work?
compete with cholesterol in micelle formation. poorly absorbed from the body, so effectively more cholesterol secretion from body. careful with hyperabsorbers.
