Lipids

Question 1

Apo B-48 is associated with which lipid particle?

Answer 1

chylomicron

Question 2

Apo B-100 is associated with which lipid particle?

Answer 2

LDL and VLDL

Question 3

lipoprotein lipase is activated by which lipoprotein to begin TG digestion?

Answer 3

Apo C-II

Question 4

What’s reverse cholesterol transport?

Answer 4

Where excess free cholesterol is removed from cells in peripheral tissues, and returned to the liver via HDL particles, which are activated to uptake cholesterol through the ABC1 gene

Question 5

What does CETP do?

Answer 5

Cholesterol ester transfer protein. It mediates the transfer of cholesterol from HDL to apoB-containing proteins (VLDL, LDL).

Question 6

What do statins do?

Answer 6

Block HMG-CoA reductase to inhibit cholesterol production. Due to low production, liver compensates by making more LDL-R to absorb more cholesterol out of blood

Question 7

At what concentration does fasting TG give risk to acute pancreatitis

Answer 7

> 10 mM

Question 8

At what level does TG give risk to CHD

Answer 8

3-10 mM

Question 9

How many Canadians our of 3 die from heart disease and stroke?

Answer 9

1 in 3

Question 10

What happens during adaptation stage of atherosclerosis?

Answer 10

Vessels expand to accomodate the fat build up. The lumen stays the same size though (outer diameter increases)

Question 11

What’s the reference interval for lab testing?

Answer 11

2.5th percentile to 97.5th percentile (central 95% of healthy population).

Question 12

Describe precision (lab testing)

Answer 12

hit same place repeatedly, but place is off target

Question 13

Describe accuracy (lab testing)

Answer 13

Average of hits is at the target, but hits may fluctuate around the target

Question 14

What’s bias (lab testing)?

Answer 14

Tests that yield high precision, but are off-target

Question 15

What’s specificity? (lab testing)

Answer 15

Proportion of those without disease that also test negative. SP = TN/(TN + FP)

Question 16

What’s sensitivity? (lab testing)

Answer 16

Proportion of those with disease that test positive. SN = TP/(TP+FN)

Question 17

What do you want to maximize when you’re screening?

Answer 17

Sensitivity to catch all the false negatives

Question 18

What do you want to maximize when you’re diagnosing?

Answer 18

Specificity to catch all the false positives and not give them bad news

Question 19

How does increased saturated fat affect LDL and HDL?

Answer 19

Saturated fat increases LDL-C, but also increases HDL-C. Not clear cut on the health recommendation.

Question 20

How do trans fatty acids affect LDLC and HDLC?

Answer 20

Increase LDL-C and reduce HDL-C. Therefore, bad for health.

Question 21

Where are trans fatty acids found?

Answer 21

Hydrogenated vegetable oils (makes fats more firm (e.g. margerine)

Question 22

How do PUFAs affect LDLC and HDLC?

Answer 22

Decrease LDL, decrease HDL. Some effect to decrease LDL/HDL ratio, so some relationship to decreased CHD. Note that PUFA leads to increased free radicals, which can cause cancer

Question 23

How do MUFAs affect LDLC and HDLC?

Answer 23

Increase HDL, decrease LDL. Good for health.

Question 24

What are some foods that contain MUFAs?

Answer 24

Nuts, olive oil, canola oil

Question 25

How does alcohol affect HDL-C?

Answer 25

Increase. Variable effect though.

Question 26

How many calories per gram of alcohol?

Answer 26

7 kCal/g of alcohol

Question 27

How does vegetable protein affect cholesterol levels, compared to animal proteins?

Answer 27

Decreases

Question 28

How does soy affect cardiovascular health?

Answer 28

May stimulate release of NO, which could dialate arterial beds

Question 29

How does fibre affect cardiovascular health?

Answer 29

Can reduce serum cholesterol

Question 30

How does exercise affect lipids?

Answer 30

Increases HDL. Some evidence that shows reduced LDL-C

Question 31

How does smoking affect CHD?

Answer 31

Decreased HDL. Smoking cessation might cause weight gain b/c lower BMR during cessation period.

Question 32

How do plant -stanols and -sterols work?

Answer 32

compete with cholesterol in micelle formation. poorly absorbed from the body, so effectively more cholesterol secretion from body. careful with hyperabsorbers.