LIPIDS Flashcards
MEMORIZE ALL
in which a subs. moves across a cell membrane by diffusion from a region of higher to a lower conc.
Passive Transport
Moves across a cell membrane, with the aid of membrane proteins, from a region of higher conc. to a region of lower conc.
Facilitated Transport
Moves across a cell membrane, with the aid of membrane proteins, against a concentration gradient with the expenditure of cellular energy.
Active Transport
it is a substance that can disperse and stabilize water - insoluble subs as colloidal particles in an aqueous soln.
Emulsifier
is synthesized from cholesterol in the liver
Bile Acids
Where are Bile Acids stored?
Gallbladder
Why are Bile acids sent to the digestive tract?
to emulsify fats during digestion.
Bile Acids promotes the absorption of ___________ in the digestive tract.
Cholesterol
Types of Bile Acids
Cholic acid, 12- Deoxycholic acid, 7- Deoxycholic acid
is a lipid that contains one fatty acid and one phosphate group attached to a sphingosine molecule and an alcohol attached to the phosphate group.
Sphingophospholipids
it is a lipid that contains two fatty acids, and a phosphate group esterifies to a glycerol molecule and an alcohol esterified to the phosphate group.
Glycerophospholipids
it is a lipid that contains both a fatty acid and a carbohydrate component attached to a sphingosine molecule.
Sphingoglycolipids
it is a lipid that contains one or more fatty acids, a phosphate group, a platform molecule to which fatty acid(s) and the phosphate group are attached and an alcohol that is attached to the phosphate group.
Phospholipids
3 Types of Membrane Lipids
phospholipids, spingoglycolipids, cholesterol
Contain a single monosaccharide unit . Present in the brain (7% of dry mass) and myelin sheath of nerves.
Cerebrosides
Branched chain of 7 monosaccharides residues. These substances occur in the gray matter of the brain as well as in the myelin sheath.
Gangliosides
It is a lipid whose structure is based on a fused ring system that involves three 6-membered rings and one 5-membered ring.
Cholesterol
Lipoproteins carry cholesterol from the liver to the various tissues
LDLs (low density lipoproteins)
Carry excess cholesterol from tissues back to the liver.
HDLs (high density lipoproteins)
has a central role in the development of atherosclerosis
Apo B-100
is an activator of LpL, which after fulfilling its mission, returns to HDL
Apo C-II
plays an important role; it regulates cholesterol, triacylglyceride
Apo E
-They act as a mechanical support to separate the contents of a cell from its external environment.
-A structural support for certain proteins that serve to transport ions and nonpolar molecules across the membrane.
- proteins act as gates and pumps
- receptor sites
Important Functions of Cell Membranes
An Emulsification Lipids
Bile Acids
What are the 2 Messenger Lipids
Steroid Hormones and Eicosanoids
it is a biochemical substance , produced by a ductless gland, that has a messenger function.
Hormones
it is hormone that is cholesterol derivative.
Steroid Hormones
Major Classes of Steroid Hormones
Sex Hormones and Adrenocorticoid Hormones
2 Major Subclasses of Adrenocorticoid Hormones
mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoids
Controls the reproduction and sex characteristics
Sex Hormones
3 types of Sex Hormones
Androgens, Estrogens, Progestins
A Female Sex Hormone
Estrogen (estradiol)
A Male Sex Hormone
Androgen (testosterone)
A Pregnancy Hormone
Progestin (progesterone)
which regulate numerous biochemical processes in the body. It is produced in the adrenal glands, at least 28 different hormones have been isolated.
Adrenocorticoid Hormones
control the balance of Na+ and K+ in cells and body fluids.
a. Major sample : aldosterone
Mineralocorticoid
control glucose metabolism and counteract inflammation.
a. major sample: Cortisol
Glucocorticoids
it synthesized in the largest amount by the adrenal gland.
anti-inflammatory effects in the body.
- control inflammatory (rheumatoid arthritis)
Cortisol
synthetic ketone derivative CORTISOL exert
CORTISONE
it is an oxygenated C20 fatty acid derivative that functions as a messenger lipids.
Eicosanoids
3 Types of Eicosanoids
Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes, Leukotienes
What does “Eikos” mean?
twenty
is a 20:4 fatty acid
Arachidonic Acid
is a messenger lipid that is a C20 fatty acid derivative that contains a CYCLOPENTANE RING and oxygen containing functional group.
Prostaglandins
is a messenger lipid that is a C20 fatty acid derivative that contains a CYCLIC ETHER RING and oxygen containing functional groups.
Thromboxanes
is a messenger lipid that is a C20 fatty acid derivative that contains 3 CONJUGATED DOUBLE BONDS and HYDROXY GROUP.
Leukotrienes
is a Protective-coating Lipids
Biological Waxes
is a lipid that is a monoester of a long-chain fatty acid and a long chain alcohol.
Biological Waxes
when a lipid is placed in basic aqueous solution, lipids are divided into two categories:
Saponifiable and Nonsaponifiable Lipids
What are the 4 Saponifiable Lipids
Triacylglycerols, phospholipids, sphingoglycolipids, biological waxes
What are the 4 Nonsaponifiable Lipids
Cholesterol, steroid hormones, bile acids, aecosanoids
A category of lipid with an ester functional group, that can be hydrolyzed under basic conditions.
Saponifiable Lipids
________ cannot be broken up into smaller units since they do not react with water.
Nonsaponifiable Lipids
an organic compound found in living organisms that is INSOLUBLE (or only sparingly soluble) in water but soluble in non polar organic solvents.
Lipids
One type of lipid, is sequestered as fat in adipose cells, which serve as the energy-storage depot for organisms and also provide thermal insulation.
Triglycerides
Biochemical Functions of Lipids
Energy Storage Lipids, Emulsification Lipids, Membrane Lipids, Messenger Lipids, Protective-coating Lipids
Lipids are not soluble in water but soluble in ____________
Nonpolar Solvents
The saponifiable/nonsponifiable classification system for lipids is based on
lipid behavior in basic solution
a carboxylic acid consisting of a hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxyl group, especially any of those occurring as esters in fats and oils.
Fatty Acids
Fatty acids are:
Naturally occurring monocarboxylic acid.
Is a fatty acid with a carbon chain in which all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds.
Saturated Fatty Acids
which Saturated Fatty Acids are most abundant in human?
Palmitic Acid
More than _______ different fatty acids have been isolated from the lipids of microorganisms, plants, animals and humans.
500
It is a fatty acid with a carbon chain in which two or more carbon-carbon double bonds are present.
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
is a fatty acid with a carbon chain in which one carbon-carbon double bond is present.
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids
It is a fatty acid needed in human body that must be obtained from dietary sources because it cannot be synthesized within the body, in adequate amounts, from other substances.
Essential Fatty Acids
What are the 2 essential fatty acids
Linoleic [omega-6] and Linolenic [omega-3]
Composed largely of triacylglycerol in which saturated fatty acids pre-dominate, although some unsaturated fatty acids are present.
Fats
Composed with larger amount of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Oils
